IDEAS 2016 - Innovative Developments In Engineering & Advanced Science

IAME-2016 Conference Papers of CE "

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PLANNING ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF MULTI STORIED BUILDING DY STAAD.PRO.V8i[ ]


The aim of the project is to design a multi storied building of G+ 5 floors, at kalakode about 4 km from paravoor. The design is done by taking in to account the requirements and standards recommended by IS code, Kerala building rules and national building rules.

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Assessment of suitability of Coconut Shell charcoal as a Filler in Stone Mastic Asphalt[ ]


Use of asphalt material and its mixture are used to improve the durability and performance of pavements. SMA requires stabilizing additives composed of cellulose fibres or mineral fibres to prevent draindown of mix. SMA was first implemented in European countries. The stone mastic asphalt is a gap graded mixture consisting of coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, stabilizers and binders. In the project work the main objective is to compare the results obtained by the fillers stone dust and coconut shell charcoal. The binder content has been varied from 4-6%. Binder of 60/70 penetration grade bitumen is used. For minimizing the cost and increasing efficiency different waste materials are used as fillers, coconut shell charcoal is one among them. It possesses properties such as resistance to crushing, resistance to freezing, surface moisture etc. Stability flow parameters and air void ratio are compared among the fillers. Marshall test method is used for carrying out this project.

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STUDIES ON STABILIZED MUD BLOCK AS A CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL[ ]


Soil as a building material is available in most areas of the world. In developing countries, earth construction is economically the most efficient means for house construction with the least demand of resources. Investigation is carried out to find the suitable proportion of locally available materials such as soil , coir , straw etc. with cement as stabilizers for improving the strength of locally available mud blocks and thus to provide affordable housing. Using soil (from areas of Kulathupuzha, Kerala) and stabilizers (cement,straw fibre, plastic fibre), different types of samples were prepared. Tests were conducted on these samples in order to evaluate their performance such as compressive strength and total water absorption on which the durability of the blocks depend.

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Water Quality Assessment Of Ground water Around KMML Area Chavara[ ]


Clean water is one of the most valusable resource in our planet. Increasing disturbance of natural landscape due to urban expansion affects water resource and water quality. Quality of drinking water have greater importance, this thought inspired us to conduct this project. So the sample water was collected from the open wells around the KMML area. Then the main physiochemical and biological analysis of the parameters like, conductivity, salinity, turbidity, pH, BOD, COD, TDS, iron, nitrate etc. were done and found that the samples collected from places near KMML are polluted. Hence the use of waters of open wells in and around the industrial area may cause health hazards to nearby inhabitants. So it is necessary to control the contaminant transportation and ground water pollution in and around KMML area.

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Study of Effectiveness of Rainwater Harvesting Structures on Bhavani Sub-basin, TamilNadu,India[ ]


Water scarcity has become one of the main problems in India. It is estimated that by 2020, India will become a water-stressed nation. Surface water sources get reduced and we partially depend upon ground water for various needs. This sub-surface water needs artificial recharge. One such simple method is the construction of check dam.

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Parametric study of structural behavior of Self anchored suspension bridge[ ]


A suspension bridge is a type of bridge in which the deck is hung below suspension cables on vertical suspenders. The largest existing main span for a self anchored suspension bridge is 300 metres. Main difficulties for this bridge type to reach spans over 300 metres can be blamed on erection problems and the buckling stability of the girder. The study is done to determine the influence of various components like main cable, hangers, pylons, girders, sag, etc. on the structural behaviour of self anchored suspension bridge. In order to achieve this goal, a self anchored suspension bridge of 300m span is modelled in SAP 2000. The effect of main cable and hangers is determined by modelling various types of cables and hanger patterns. The pylon and girder influence is determined by changing the dimensions. Effect of sag is determined by modelling suspension bridges with various sag values. The effect of variation is then measured by deflection and bending moment acting in box girder of self anchored suspension bridge. From the above information an optimized self anchored suspension bridge is modelled.

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Knowledge Based Expert System for the Selection of Retaining Walls[ ]


The development of a knowledge based expert system for the selection of retaining walls is discussed in this paper. The selection is made based on the selection parameters chosen for a particular site. A retaining wall selection data-base is created with all necessary details, for cut and fills type of retaining walls. The data for creating the database was obtained from case histories, published papers, books on retaining wall selection, minutes about questionnaires and interviews. This collected information forms the knowledge base of an expert system for selecting retaining wall types. An inference mechanism was arrived at based on the questionnaire which aids in the selection by searching through the database and deduce results in an organized manner. Based on the knowledge base and the inference engine user interfaces are developed which are highly interactive and user friendly with transparency of dialogue which allows the user to acquire knowledge about retaining wall types in engineering practice, while providing the user with a tool, which aids in the selection of the most appropriate wall type for a specific site . The expert system was developed using Visual Basic Software.

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Preparation of Activated Carbon from Bitter Orange Peel (Citrus Aurantium) and Preliminary Studies on Its Characteristics[ ]


Bitter orange, Seville orange, sour orange, bigarade orange, or marmalade orange refers to a citrus tree the botanical name f or bitter orange is Citrus aurantium. It is a hybrid between Citrus maxima (pomelo) and Citrus reticulata (mandarin). Many varie ties of bitter orange are used for their essential oil, and are found in perfume, used as flavouring or as a solvent. The Seville orange var iety is used in the production of marmalade. Bitter orange is also employed in herbal medicine as a stimulant and appet ite suppressant, due to its active ingredient, synephrine. This work explores the feasibility of bitter orange, a biomass as an alternative precursor for prepar ation of activated carbon with sulphuric acid activation (H2SO4) as activating agent at relatively low temperatures such as 90, 120, 150 were used to produce different activated Carbons and finally 150C for 30min were used for the study purposes. The effects of the operation al parameters were investigated with reference to the CAC value. In addition to this, physical characterization of the same was done to determine its bulk density, ash content, moisture content, ion exchange capacity, matter soluble in water and matter soluble in acid. Further this activated carbon is used to remove the heavy metal that is present in water.

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EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON LANDFILL CLAY LINERS[ ]


‘Waste management’ is one of the serious problems that India faces now.The advancements in the field of geotechnics and the advent of geosynthetics, associated with growing environmental concern have enabled the switch from open dumps to landfills. The main task of the impermeable land fill liners is to reduce the migration of leachate to the ground water and reduce to reasonable amount. Compacted clays soils have traditionally been used as liners having hydraulic conductivity, typically in the range of 10-6 to 10-7. But,when temperature and moisture fluctuations are high, they form cracks that causes an increase in the hydraulic conductivity in the order of many folds. Because of low permeability and high adsorption capacity, bentonite is the material used in the clay liners to improve its properties. In present study, suitability of clay and Bentonite as landfill barrier is tested. The characteristics are determined with bentonite of 3,5,7 percentages, mixer reduces the hydraulic conductivity, increase shear strength and reduce compressibility. This study points out to an effective remedy for serious environmental issues in India by landfills with the help of geotechnical engineering.

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Hybrid Filter for the Treatment of Septic Tank Effluent[ ]


The term Ground water pollution is a major global problem. One of the main causes of ground water contamination is the effluent from septic tanks. Hence it is very important to protect surface and ground water from contamination. Various research efforts in the past have demonstrated that most of the known contaminants in the septic tank effluent –Suspended solids, BOD, bacteria, and viruses can be removed by movement through a few feet of soil under proper conditions. Septic systems that are improperly sited, designed, constructed, or maintained can contaminate ground water with bacteria, viruses, nitrates, detergents, oils, and chemicals. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of a horizontal flow biofilm reactor (HFBR) consisting of Corrugated PVC sheets with a stratified sand filter for treating septic tank effluent. HFBR and a sand filter are used to form a “hybrid filter” and are placed in an acrylic tank with suitable dimensions. The HFBR module consists of corrugated PVC sheets that will place with proper spacing in between each sheet. The wastewater is allowed to flow along each sheets from one side to another horizontally and down through the module and also considered that most of the substrates and solids would be removed in the biofilms on the sheets, substantially reducing the loads applied to the sand filter underneath. Hybrid filter consisting of Corrugated PVC sheets and river sand has 99.96 % of Total Coliforms removal after 3 weeks .The hybrid filtration system appeared to perform better in terms of TSS, BOD, COD and nitrification.

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Drawer Compacted Sand Filtration Technique[ ]


Water is an important natural resource to maintain human life. The main source of water for all day to day purposes including drinking, bathing, washing, looking and for other day to day needs is ground water source. Because of increasing urbanisation and population, the ground water source is getting polluted. By analysing the reason behind this problem, it was observed that the septic tank effluent has a major role. Various research efforts in the past have demonstrated that most of the known contaminants in the septic tank effluent –Suspended solids, BOD, bacteria, and viruses can be removed by movement through a few feet of soil under proper conditions. Septic systems that are improperly sited, designed, constructed, or maintained can contaminate ground water with bacteria, viruses, nitrates, detergents, oils, and chemicals.

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Experimental investigation on the Suitability of using Rice husk ash and Lime for Soil stabilization[ ]


In the recent years, soil stabilization has become a major issue in construction engineering. For stabilizing soil, investigation on the effectiveness of using industrial wastes are rapidly increasing, as it also helps in utilizing hazardous by-products, which otherwise can be a threat to environment. Soil Stabilization is being successfully used for a variety of engineering works, the most common application being the construction of road and pavements, where the main objective is to increase the strength or stability of soil and to reduce the construction cost by making best the use of the locally available materials. Cement and lime are the two most commonly used materials for stabilizing soils. The cost of these materials have rapidly increased due to the sharp increase in the cost of energy, hence a substantial decrease in the cost of stabilization may be achieved by replacing a good proportion of stabilizing agent with material such as rice husk ash and lime. The main objective of this project is to check the feasibility of stabilizing the soil using rice husk ash and lime and to determine the improvement in shear strength parameters of the soil.

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Reliability Analysis of Isolated Column Footings using Monte Carlo Simulation[ ]


Uncertainties are present in all parameters involved in the design of structures. Owing to the complexities associated with handling random parameters, a deterministic approach is generally employed in the design of structures. Appropriately selected safety factors are used to compensate for the effect of uncertainties. It is impossible to estimate the safety margins of the resulting design using deterministic approaches. Reliability analysis provides a rational approach to evaluate the safety of structures in presence of uncertainties. The present paper deals with the reliability analysis of an isolated reinforced concrete footing, designed using the limit state method. Uncertainties associated with material properties, geometric properties and loading are considered and the parameters are modeled as normally/uniformly distributed random variables. Reliability analysis is carried out using Monte Carlo simulations using codes developed in Matlab. The probabilities of failure for different failure modes are estimated. The variation of reliability index with load factor as well as age of the structure is also studied.The paper demonstrates the usefulness of Monte Carlo simulations in obtaining probabilistic information for problems involving random parameters.

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Modelling Consolidation Behavior of Embankment Using Plaxis[ ]


Analyzing the behavior of the soft ground under embankments is a challenging task and this paper revisits a well known case study of an embankment of Haarajoki test embankment. The behavior of the ground considering the Soft Soil model including and excluding soil creep is simulated using finite element software PLAXIS. The analyzed data are verified with field measurements and the results reveal that the influence creep should be considered while analyzing the consolidation behavior of normally consolidated clays. A parametric study is conducted to compare the effectiveness of three ground improvement options using creep model. The effect of preloading, stone columns and prefabricated vertical drain are compared in terms of settlement, lateral deformation and excess pore pressure. From the results, it is observed that PVD offer the fastest rate of consolidation and minimum pore pressure generated. The stone columns reduce the settlement considerably due to the high stiffness while preloading requires more time to achieve the same.

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Experimental investigation on compressed stabilized earth block[ ]


In the growing concern of awareness regarding sustainable building material and environmental issues, Compressed Stabilized Earth Block(CSEBs) which gives the view of energy efficient, cost effective and environmental friendly building material. CSEBs are ecofriendly and as these blocks are unburnt blocks, during production no coal or burning material is needed, so it do esn't produce any harmful gases during the production phase.CSEBs are manufactured using stabilizers to provide adequate compressive strength and durability, so as to make them suitable as building blocks. Though cement is a popular stabilizer used in manufacture of CSEBs, not a relevant study has been reported utilizing lime, ash and fiber in combination with cement as partially replacing stabilizers. In this study an attempt is made to stabilize CSEBs which is casted using locally available soil&clay with lime, ash along with cement with varying proportion of coconut husk fiber and hair fiber. The variation in properties like compressive strength and water absorption of the blocks are studied and compared. It will be helpful for optimize the quantity of stabilizers used, to reduce the cost of blocks. The main objective of the project is to analyze the various engineering properties of CSEBs using lime, ash and fiber as stabilizers along with cement so as to establish the potential of these blocks as an alternative to traditional bricks , hence this would be a good contribution towards sustainable development.

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Quantification and Spatial Analysis of Greenhouse Gas Emission within a Local Administrative Boundary – A Case Study[ ]


Climate change is recognized both as a threat and a challenge. Climate change has origins in anthropogenic activities and is engaging the attention of planners, governments, and politicians worldwide. Greenhouse gases are the main driving force behind abrupt climate change. Strategies against drastic climate change require control over anthropogenic GHG emission. Reduction of such emission requires quantitative estimate of emissions from various sources. The ability and responsibility to reduce the GHG emissions are increasing at sub-national levels as local bodies are able to provide sufficient measures for emission reduction. The present study aims to develop a greenhouse gas emission database at a local administrative level. The study area selected is Kadungallur Grama Panchayath, Ernakulam District, which is an Industrial town consisting of about 360 industries. Greenhouse gas emission from different sources are estimated using “Consumption-based approach” by multiplying activity data with emission factors and the emissions from household sector and industrial sector are quantified by surveying and the same is georeferenced using ArcGIS 10.3. Potential areas of GHG emission are identified as well. Maximum emission from the household sector is obtained as 1623298 kg CO2eq /year from the ward East Kadungallur west. Highest emitting industry in the study area was found to be Binani Zinc Ltd. emitting 197181.175 tonnes of CO2eq per year. Suggestions such as afforestation, replacement of conventional fuels by natural gas so and soforth are proposed for mitigation of GHG emission for a local climatic action plan.

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A Mix Design of Self Compacting Concrete with Copper slag as Fine aggregate and Silica fume as Mineral Admixture[ ]


Since there is a scarcity of fine aggregate throughout the country it is essential to find a replacement of fine aggregate. Our idea is to use copper slag as replacement of fine aggregate.Due to several costs of labours for compaction we can go to self compacting concrete. Self compacting concrete is one of the high performance concrete which had an enormous growth in the construction industry in the recent years. Self compacting concrete can be described as a high performance materials that flows under its own self weight, without requiring vibration, to achieve consolidation by completely filling up formworks even when access is hindered by narrow gaps between reinforcement bars. In this present works, for M30 grade concrete beam copper slag is replaced for sand at0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and silica fume is used as an admixture in concrete. The various concrete workability tests such as slump flow test, T50cm slump flow ,V-funnel test, J-ring and L-box tests were performed.

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Estimation of Carbon Footprint of an Educational Institution – A Case Study[ ]


Carbon dioxide is the chief greenhouse gas that results from human activities and causes global warming and climatic change.Greenhouse gases can be emitted through transport, land clearance,production and consumption of food,fuels,manufactured goods,materials,buildings and services etc. Carbon footprint is the measure of the the amount of greenhouse gases, measured in units of carbon dioxide, produced by human activities. Carbon footprint can be measured of an individual or an organization, and is typically given in tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent per year. The present study deals with the assessment of carbon dioxide emission using various emission inventories at College of Engineering Trivandrum campus. The study area selected is spread over an area of 75 acres of land.Greenhouse gas emission from different sources was estimated using “Consumption-based approach” by multiplying activity data with emission factors. Area of buildings and green coverage was calculated by surveying and georeferenced using ArcGIS 10.3 and emissions were quantified using the emission factors.The potential area of GHG emissions was identified and the maximum emission was found to be from electricity consumption which was obtained as 905802 kg CO2 eq/year. Suggestion measures such as afforestation, and use of energy efficient appliances, use of solar energy, so and so forth are proposed for the reduction of GHG emissions for the educational institution.

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PERFORMANCE OF HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE WITH FIBRE REINFORCEMENT & SILICA FUME[ ]


The construction industry is facing with increasing demand for the construction of special structures like high-rise buildings, nuclear power plant structures, long-span bridges, offshore drilling platforms, missile launching pads, very deep underground structures etc. For these structures, advanced concrete composites which possess superior performance like high compressive strength, tensile strength, impact resistance, heat resistance and superior durability properties have to be used. With the development of high grade cement and availability of proper mineral admixtures and chemical admixtures it has been made possible to manufacture concrete with compressive strength of 60MPa and this concept has given rise to high-strength concrete [HSC].

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Study of Fenton Oxidation Process on Dyeing Wastewater and Improving its Catalysis[ ]


The aim of this study was to find optimum dose of ferrous sulphate and hydrogen peroxide in Fenton oxidation process for treatment of dyeing wastewater. Fenton process is the advanced oxidation method used mainly for COD and colour removal. Experiments are done on synthetic wastewater prepared from three different dyes; acidic, disperse and reactive; and also effluent obtained from industry. The maximum removal of effluent COD was obtained more than 95% in Fenton treatment. In the second part of the study is find alterations to improve the Fenton treatment and the study the sludge generation and colour of wastewater after treatment. Experiments are done on synthetic wastewater prepared from four different dyes; acidic, disperse, reactive and azo dye; and also effluent obtained from industry. Ferric chloride and ferric nitrate showed better efficiency than conventional method of using ferrous sulphate as catalyst in treatment. The sludge generated was found to be in par with the COD removed during treatment. Fenton treatment was found to give its own colour to wastewater.

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Improving Bearing Capacity of Footings using Geocells - a Review[ ]


Over the last two decades, the beneficial effects of using different geosynthetic reinforcing materials in foundations have received considerable attention. In general, the tensile strength of soil is poor and hence the soil often needs to be strengthened to improve stability, increase bearing capacity and reduce settlements and lateral deformation. The use of geosynthetics by providing three dimensional confinements to the soil in the form of geocells can significantly improve the soil performance and reduce costs in comparison with conventional designs. This paper reviews experimental tests and studies carried out by different researchers on geocell reinforced soil. Literatures indicated that the inclusion of geocell reinforcement in sand decreased settlements and leads to an economic design of the footings.

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An Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Soil with Plastic Granules[ ]


This paper studies on the effect of plastic granules on the properties of soil. Utilizing the waste plastic as granules in the soil solves the problem of disposing the waste and show increase in the strength of soil. Laboratory U.C.C tests were conducted on soils with and without plastic granules. Plastic granules were added in different percentage and the effect on soil behavior is studied. It is observed that there is considerable change in the behavior of soil due to the addition of plastic granules. The strength depends upon the percentage of plastic granules added.

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Determination of Pollution Index for a Wetland System – A Case Study[ ]


Ashtamudi Lake is a brackish wetland with a palm shaped extensive waterbody and prominenet arms, adjoining the Kollam and it is the second large backwater in Kerala. Ashtamudi Wetland is included in the list of wetlands of international importance, as defined by the Ramsar Convention for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands. In spite of the international status, there has been no serious attempt to gain national or international cooperation to protect this lake. In the present study, Pollution Index (PI) of pollutants such as pH, Dissolved Oxygen, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Chlorides and Faecal Coliforms were computed to study variation of deterioration of water quality of Ashtamudi Lake during the years 2014 and 2016. It has been found out that there is an increase in Pollution Index in the last two years. All stations showed Pollution Index >1 for Chloride and Faecal Coliforms. The number of faecal coliforms are extremely higher in all stations. It indicates the health risk associated with the people living near the Lake. It has been found out that anthropogenic activities like disposal of untreated sewage from Kollam city, domestic sewage from hanging toilets present on the banks of Lake, disposal of untreated effluent from the industries situated on the bank of lake, effluents from house boats and other tourism activities so and so forth are the major reasons for this change. Some suggestions such as biotoilets for houseboats, incinerators for slaughter house etc. has been recommended for reducing pollution and some monitoring methods are proposed so that they can plan their conservation strategies.

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REMOVAL OF CADMIUM (II) & NICKEL (II) USING ACTIVATED CARBON FROM PALMTREE WOOD POWDER[ ]


Water is nature’s wonderful, abundant and useful compound. It is also used for industrial purposes. Pollution of the water source is one of the ecological crisis to which the present world is subjected today. Because of various activities by industrial and domestic sector a lot of impurities are introduced in the natural aqueous system. The heavy metal contamination becomes a serious problem in recent years. Traces of heavy metal such as Hg, Cd, Pt, As, Co, Mn , Fe and Ni have been identified as deleterious to aquatic eco-system and human health. It becomes essential to remove heavy metals from water and wastewater. The present study is aimed at preparing carbon from palm tree wood powder by pyr olysis and thermal activation procedure and will be tested for the removal of cadmium (II) and Nickel (II) from aqueous system. Carbon characteristics of PTPC will be found out to understand the potential of the carbon using ISI procedure 877-1976. Isotherm studies will be conducted to understand the capacity of carbon. Batch studies will be performed to understand the optimum time, optimum PH and optimum dosage required for preliminary examination. Isotherm studies showed that this carbon derivative (PTPC) followed Freundlich adsorption both in distilled and tap water. The removal of Ni (II) was found to be 2.6 times more in distilled water than tap water and the removal of Cd (II) was found to be more in distilled water than tap water. This shows that common cations in tap water is able to interfere with the adsorption of Cd(II) & Ni(II).Thus it can be concluded that PTPC can effectively be used for the removal of Cd(II) & Ni(II) from aqueous system

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EFFECT OF POLYPROPYLENE FIBRES ON EXPANSIVE SOIL[ ]


The objective of study is intended to determine the reinforcing effect of randomly distributed short polypropylene fibers on the swelling characteristics, atterberg limits and unconfined compressive strength of black cotton soil. The study focuses on effect of change of percentage fiber content on the properties of soil. Polypropylene fibers of 12 mm size with varying fibre content (f = 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1%) were studied.

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PERFORMANCE OF POLYESTER AND POLYPROPYLENE FIBRES IN CONCRETE[ ]


This study investigates the effect of the polypropylene and polyester fibres on the properties of concrete. The hybrid fibres were used at five different fibre fractions of 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.4% by weight of cement and in addition to this micro silica was used as cement replacement material of 0%, 5%, 10%, and15% by weight of cement. The compressive and splitting tensile strengths of the concrete mixes were examined. Results of the experimental study indicate that polypropylene and polyester fibres improved the properties of concrete at each volume fraction considered in this study. Among different combinations of hybrid fibres and micro silica concrete mixtures, the best performance was attained by a mixture that contained 10% of micro silica and 0.1% fibre content.

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NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF SHALLOW TUNNELS IN SOFT GROUND USING PLAXIS2D[ ]


Numerical modelling is found to be very effective for determining the perfomance of a tunnel system. The calculation of settlements and movements to adjacent soil and structures caused by tunneling is a significant challenge faced by geotechnical engineers. This thesis represents numerical modelling of a shallow tunnel in soft ground using PLAXIS 2D. Thus making it possible to evaluate the displacements due to tunneling. A comparative study of analytical and numerical methods were carried out. Then , model validation was done by comparing with the values drawn from the literature. Also carried out a parametric study to find out the influence of various geometrical parameters on the performance of the tunneling. Lastly, evaluated the behaviour of tunnel due to the presence of structures near the tunnel. Results obtained shows a good agreement with those in literature.

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Response Reduction at Payload Using Isolation System in a Typical Launch Vehicle[ ]


Launch vehicles present an efficiently viable method for placing satellites into orbit. A typical launch vehicle consist of propulsion modules either solid and/or liquid stages connected by interstages and payload module.Dynamic analysis is used to find out the response of the structure, mainly at the satellite interface due to various excitations encountered during flight. The basic objective of the work is to reduce the dynamic loads on the satellite by vibration isolation methods. In this work analysis is carried out by incorporating an isolation system at various locations and the results are compared to show the effectiveness of isolation system.

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USE OF WASTE PLASTIC AS FINE AGGREGATE SUBSTITUTE IN CONCRETE[ ]


Due to rapid growth of population in countries like India the disposing of solid waste is a major problem in our daily life. Solid waste management is one of the major environmental concerns. Among the waste material, plastic is the material that is the major concern to most of the environmental effects. There are different types of plastic which are classified on the basis of the physical property. As the plastic waste is non degradable, it must be recycled or reused. The objective of study is to study the behavior of the concrete which is made of the recycled plastic materials along with the study of the some of the physical properties that are related. Usually M20 grade of the concrete is the most commonly used in the constructional works, hence in this study M20 cement concrete is considered in which the recycled plastic waste is used as the replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. Concrete cube and beam were casted taking 10% to 25% of plastic as partial replacement of fine aggregate and tested for 28 days of compressive strength and flexural strength of concrete.

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Effect of Rice Husk Ash on the Engineering properties of Silty Clay[ ]


This paper studies the variations in the index and engineering properties of silty clay on usage of lime and rice husk ash as stabilizing agents. A number of laboratory experiments were conducted on silty clay soils and RHA modified soil mixes. Lime was used as the main stabilizing agent and RHA proportions were varied as 5, 10, 15, and 20% of the lime content used for stabilization. The test results show that RHA in combination with lime can be used as an economic and eco friendly stabilizing agent giving a significant improvement in the index and engineering properties of soil.

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Experimental Investigation on Partial Replacement of Coarse Aggregate Using Polystyrene Beads in Concrete[ ]


With the development of modern construction techniques, the demand for construction materials increases day by day. There is a strong need to utilize alternative materials for sustainable development. The usage of partial replacement of coarse aggregate using polystyrene beads in concrete gives prospective solution to building construction industry. Polystyrene beads are the waste material obtained from packaging industries. This paper handles comparison of concrete which partially replaces coarse aggregate by polystyrene beads with conventional concrete blocks. The result shows that amount of the polystyrene beads incorporated in concrete influences the properties of hardened concrete. Also, the compressive strength and split tensile strength of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% replacement of coarse aggregate for M25 mix shown. The workability of mix is very high at a low water/cement ratio.

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Effect on Workability and Strengthof Concrete due to Variation in Mixing Water Temperature[ ]


This project was aimed at determining the effects of mixing-water temperature on the compressive strength and workability of concrete. Locally available materials were used. The temperatures of the water used were variously: – 5oC, 15o C, 27OC, 350C, 450C and 550C.The mix design was prepared for M20 mix after studying the material properties.A mix proportion was thus adopted with a water cement ratio 0.55.Tests were done on fresh and hardened concrete. It was found that at early ages for higher temperature, the strength is higher but decreases in gaining strength as the number of days increases.Compression tests were done on concrete cubes on 3, 7 and 28th day.On 3 day test, higher value of 15.385 Mpa is obtained for 45oC and lower value of 6.342 Mpa for 5oC.Similarly a higher value of 25 Mpa at 45oC and lower value of 10.306 Mpa at 5oC is obtained from 7th day testing. Also the higher value of 24.08 Mpa and a lower value of 15.85 Mpa is obtained at 27oC and 5CC respectively from 28th day testing. In terms of workability, the workability of the concrete decreased as the temperature of the mixing-water increased, getting to a high of 87 mm slump at 550C and. The study has revealed that water temperature has a significant influence on the strength and workability. Also, it was shown that the optimal temperature to achieve a high strength at 28 days was 45 0C.

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DESIGN OF CHICKEN MESH RETAINING WALL USING FLEX MSE SYSTEM[ ]


The aim of the project is to design a retaining wall with Flex MSE system with some improvisations as a proposal for college grounds. The design is done by taking into account the requirements of the surroundings. The construction is done with materials like polypropylene bags, barbed wires, chicken mesh etc….Soil from nearby area is used as a basic resource for construction. It is a cost-effective, less time consuming, and less skill needed construction technique. Output generated is a cost effective retaining wall design for different heights and its cost analysis with other concrete retaining walls.

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CONSTRUCTED WETLAND[ ]


Constructed wetlands are artificial wastewater systems consisting of shallow ponds or which have been planted with aquatic plants, and which rely upon natural microbial, biological, physical and chemical processes to treat wastewater. Depending on the type of system, they may or may not contain an inert porous media such as rock, gravel or sand. Constructed wetlands have been used to treat a variety of wastewaters including urban runoff, municipal, industrial, agricultural and acid mine drainage. However, the scope of this manual is limited to constructed wetlands that are the major unit process in a system to treat municipal wastewater.

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Partial Replacement Of Binder Material With Rice Husk Ash (RHA) In Concrete[ ]


This project was aimed at determining the effects of replacing Rice Husk Ash (RHA) with Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) in concrete as partial replacemen of binder material on compressive strength, tensile strength and workability on concrete.OPC was replaced with RHA by weight at 0%,5%,10%,15%,20%,25%.material properties were studied and Mix design was prepared for M20 grade concrete. Fresh concrete and hardened concrete test were carried out. On fresh concrete, compacting factor test and slump test and for hardened concrete compressive strength and split tensile strength were done .Strength of concrete increases upto optimum value ,after that it decreases.

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Environmental Impact Assessment Of Water Using RIAM (Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix)[ ]


Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is one of the proven management tools for incorporating environmental concerns in development process and improved decision making. It is an assessment of the possible positive or negative impact that a proposed project may have on the environment, together consisting of the natural, social and economic aspects. The purpose of the assessment is to ensure that decision makers consider the environmental impacts when deciding whether to proceed with a project.This project evaluates an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) for Travancore Titanium Products Ltd Company (TTP), Kochuveli, Trivandrum at a distance of 1km & 5km by using Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) tool. EIA analysis has four sequential phases such as identification, analyzing, prediction and policy making. Identification involves characterizing the existing physical, social, economic, and ecological environment due to rapid urbanization and unsustainable development which are severely impact the condition of present and future environment by direct or indirect mode. The Rapid Impact Assessment Matrix (RIAM) is a new tool for the execution of environmental impact assessments. RIAM is quite flexible, transparent and leaves a permanent record, which can be independently checked, validated or updated. The RIAM is the ideal mechanism that guarantees the safeguard of a fast and clear evaluation of main impacts, because all the components and parameters can easily be integrated into one platform - RIAM. The importance of the method lies on a standard definition of the importance of the criterion in the evaluation of the impact and in the way semi-quantitative values, which are gathered for each one of those criteria, allow different conditions to obtain independent and precise classifications.

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Comparative Study of Fluoride Removal from Water by Using Muringa Oleifera and Thulsi (Ocimum Sanctum)[ ]


Fluoride is often described as a ‘double – edged sword’ as inadequate ingestion is associated with dental caries, where as excessive intake leads to dental, skeletal and soft tissue fluorosis –which has no cure. Considering the fact that fluorosis is an irreversible condition and has no cure, prevention is the only solution for this menace. Providing water, with optimal fluoride concentration is the only way by which the generation yet to be born can be totally protected against the disease. De fluoridation was the conventional and widely tested method for supplying safe water to the fluorosis affected by communities. Various techniques and materials were tried throughout the world for defluoridation of water. Among these methods, adsorption is the most effective and widely used method because it is universal, has a low maintenance cost, and is applicable for the removal of fluoride even at low concentrations. Now a day, bio sorption method is very effective technique for removal of fluoride. This technique involves the low cost adsorbents (also called bio sorbents) such as rice husk,bone charcoal, red mud etc. This study was aimed to investigate t the effect of MuringaOleifera and Tulsi leaves on the removal of fluoride from drinking water.

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Fate of landfills on Kureepuza[ ]


Leachate generation is a major problem for municipal solid waste (MSW) landfills and causes significant threat to surface water and groundwater. Leachate can be defined as a liquid that passes through landfill and has extracted dissolved and suspended matter from it. Leachate results from precipitation entering the landfill from moisture that exists in the waste when it is composed. The present study associated with the fate of sanitary landfills in on water and its surrounding environment. Present study conducted at Kureepuza in Kollam district. It is a peninsula region in the city of Kollam, located on the shore of Ashtamudi Lake. Kerala’s only turkey farm and a regional poultry farm are at Kureepuza. Kollam city’s waste management plant also situated at Kureepuza. Today Kureepuza facing a major problem by the disposal of waste. Here a significant portion of waste from different sources is dumped on the streets or open collection points cause severe pollution in the city. Since there is no waste treatment system in the city, the entire solid waste collected is dumped at the site. In fact waste collected in past several years lay accumulated at the site. It hazard to various aquatic life in Ashtamudi Lake near the dumping site. The aim of this project is to study the effect of dumping site in Kureepuza and its surrounding area and establish some remedies for protecting the Environment.

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Comparative Study Using Rice Husk and Its Ash as Natural Coagulants in Waste Water Treatment[ ]


This study presents the usage of waste materials (ashes and non ashes) to treat the turbid water for safe drinking for reuse. The effect of rice husk ash and its dust on turbid water are evaluated. The properties of the water sample is tested for both physical and chemical properties like pH, turbidity, TDS,TSS,Elecrical Conductivity, and total solids are estimated by suitable laboratory procedures. Suitable quantities rice husk is collected and are converted to ash using Muffle Furnace at 500°C. This ash and dust added to the water sample in varying proportions (0.2 gm 0.4 gm 0.6gm 0.8 gm and 1 gm) and the changes in the sample properties are recorded. Also, the properties of the samples are evaluated allowing different settling times (15min and 30min). Later the filtered water is tested for the physical and chemical properties and the variations in the properties are noted. Comparative analysis is done by studying the variation in the properties by the addition of ash and non ash with different coagulation period.

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EXPLORING THE USE OF ORANGE PEEL AND NEEM LEAF POWDER AS ALTERNATIVE COAGULANT IN TREATMENT OF DAIRY WASTEWATER[ ]


Now a day’s more interest has been concentrated on the identification of natural and alternative coagulant materials. Present study aimed to investigate the efficiency of orange peel and neem leaf powder on the treatment of dairy wastewater. Sample was collected from Attingal sub district and the wastewater characterization was made with standard methodologies. Orange peel and neem leaf powder were added in different doses (1g, 2g, 4g, 6g, 8g & 10g) as coagulants to assess the effectiveness and dosing level. Previous results using various natural products as coagulants showed measurable increase in the quality of wastewater with pilot and field studies. Present study also aimed to get maximum efficiency out of the selected two natural products and prove natural material have the potential of adsorption and removal of higher concentration of chemical constituents from the dairy industrial wastewater.

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Feasibility of Natural Coagulant for the Treatment of Dairy Wastewater[ ]


The dairy industry is one of the most polluting of industries, not only in terms of the volume of effluent generated, but also in terms of its characteristics as well. Wastewater treatment methods include precipitation, coagulation/flotation, sedimentation, filtration, biological process, and chemical reactions. Each method has its own merits and limitations in applications because of their cost. Coagulant is one of the main components in the treatment process. The two most commonly used primary coagulants are aluminium and iron (III) salts. The recent studies have pointed out several drawbacks of using aluminium salts, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Neurotoxicity, Cancer, etc. and large sludge volume. Recently uses some natural coagulant produced from plants, animals, & microorganisms. They are readily biodegradable & less volumetric sludge. Amount of sludge is 20 – 30 % that of alum treated. Some of the natural seeds used as natural coagulants are maize, grape seed, nirmali seed, pumpkin seed, Guar, common bean, etc. In this paper I studied with natural seeds such as common bean (Pharsalus vulgaris) and jack fruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) are dried in oven and grained to 600µm powder. Coagulated in jar apparatus with dosage 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 gm/ 500ml of dairy wastewater sample agitated at 125 rpm for 30 minutes and after the samples were allowed to settle for 30 minutes. Characterize the treated effluent and compared and attained 99% removal efficiency.

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Methylene blue removal using orange peel[ ]


In the textile industry, up to 200,000 tons of these dyes are lost to effluents every year during the dyeing and finishing operations. The effluent from textile is an important source of dye pollution. Many dyes and their breakdown products may be toxic for living organism. Methylene blue is a basic aniline dye with the molecular formula C16H18N3SCl. At room temperature, it appears as a solid, odourless, dark green powder that yields a blue solution when dissolved in water. The dyeing industry effluents contain high BOD and COD value. Therefore, decolourisation of dyes is an important aspect of wastewater treatment before discharge. Activated carbon is the most widely used physicochemical treatment for the removal of dissolved organics from wastewater& is effective even in dilute solution, but commercially available activated carbon is very expensive. In this study the colour removal was extensively studied with physicochemical method such as adsorption .The removal of dyes from effluent by adsorption process provide an alternative treatment especially orange peel is inexpensive and readily available. Study is to explore the feasibility of Orange peel as a low cost natural adsorbent with respect to adsorbent dosage

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Phytoremediation of Dairy Effluent Using Aquatic Macrophytes[ ]


The paper describes the role of aquatic macrophytes in dairy wastewater treatment. Aquatic plants azolla and water hyacinth are selected for the present study because of its availability and it has a huge potential for the removal various pollutants from wastewater and especially it has the ability to grow even in severely polluted water. A laboratory scale experiment was conducted by taking waste water from MILCO dairy plant and which was treated with both the plants. Experiment proved that significant reduction in pH, Biological Oxygen Demand, Total Solids etc., while treating with selected aquatic macrophytes.The result showed excellent removal efficiency with BOD, Magnesium Hardness, Total Hardness and Electrical Conductivity as 93.33%, 99.29%, 97.39%, 84.52% respectively treating with azolla. High removal efficiencies by both the plants may be due to absorption of the contaminants with the help of its root system. Comparatively azolla based treatment showed most efficient in removing the pollutants from dairy wastewater than water hyacinth based treatment system.

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Accessing the Suitability of Using Banana Pith Juice as a Natural Coagulant for Textile Wastewater Treatment[ ]


Textiles are among the basic needs of human being. The textile industries therefore have great economic significance by virtue of its contribution to overall industrial output and employment generation. This sector has wide spectrum of industries ranging from small scale units that use traditional manufacturing process, to large integrated mills using modern machineries and equipment. In processing of textiles, the industry uses a number of dyes, chemicals, auxiliary chemicals and sizing materials. As a result, contaminated waste water is generated which can cause environmental problems unless properly treated before its disposal. The suitability of banana stem juice as a natural coagulant for textile industrial wastewater treatment was investigated. Three main parameters were studied, namely, total suspended solids (TSS), pH, and turbidity of effluent. Coagulation experiments using jar test were performed with a flocculation system where the effects of textile industrial wastewater as well as banana stem juice dosage on coagulation effectiveness were examined at different pH levels. High EC, TS, and turbidity removal percentages by the banana stem juice were observed at pH 4 as 50, 50.1, and 97.5% respectively. Results reveal that banana stem juice has tremendous potential as natural coagulant for textile wastewater.

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ASSESSMENTOFWATER QUALITY AND ITS SUITABILITY FOR PORTABLE WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM[ ]


Water is a major resource for human survival. In the present study, the physico-chemical characteristics of public water distribution system of Paravur town in Kollam district, Kerala were assessed for its suitability for drinking purposes .Samples were collected from two bore well stations and their corresponding consumers. In order to assess quality of public water distribution system the samples were analyzed for different physico–chemical properties eg pH, electrical conductivity, calcium, magnesium, total hardness, total alkalinity, chloride, residual chlorine concentrations, dissolved oxygen ,biological oxygen demand. The results were compared with the standards prescribed by world health organization and bureau of Indian standards. Most of results are within permissible limits hence the water can be used directly for portable purposes.

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Comparative Study on the Adsorption Efficiency of Cr (VI) from Water by Chicken Egg Shell and Papaya Seed[ ]


Water bodies are getting polluted day by day, due to the continuous discharge of waste water from industries and other areas. These discharges may be either with or without proper treatment. Heavy metals are one of the major pollutants entering the water bodies and if not removed, may cause health hazards. Chromium, a heavy metal, was found to present in the drinking water supplies of many areas. It is usually found in water in 2 oxidation states, +3 and +6. Cr(III) is usually less toxic compared to Cr(VI). High concentration of Cr (VI) is harmful to animal and human health. Hexavalent chromium is also carcinogenic and mutagenic. This necessitates the removal of chromium from water supplies before it is supplied to the public. Different physical, chemical and biological methods have been adopted for its removal, but all those methods were found to be expensive. Now days, use of plants waste products such as: barks, manures etc, for the removal of heavy metals from polluted water are becoming of more concern. In the present study, low cost and easily available materials like egg shell and papaya seeds were adopted for the removal of chromium from the water sample. Adsorption efficiency of each material will be found using UV spectrophotometer and they are compared to determine the best natural adsorbent. Batch studies were conducted using the adsorbents at three different particle sizes namely 300, 150 and 90 microns. The adsorption efficiency of papaya seed at 300, 150 and 90 microns were found to be 24.4%, 24.8% and 26.8% respectively and for chicken egg shell, the efficiencies were found to be 30.4%, 30.8% and 32% respectively. It was concluded in the study that adsorption efficiency of both the material was maximum at 90 micron size and chicken egg shell is found to be more effective than papaya seed, with an adsorption efficiency of 32% at 0.5g dosage and 20min contact time.

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Examination of Bacteriological Contamination of Household Water bodies in Meenambalam, Kollam District, Kerala, India[ ]


A safe, consistent, and reliable water supply for drinking is a need for all living organisms. However, a large number of the world’s human population lives in areas that are suffering from water quality problems and water shortages. Many areas have contaminated water with fecal coliform bacteria as the primary contaminant is the most common health risk. As a result, there are many aid groups that are actively working to develop and improve the water supply in the developing world. An important first step in such work is an accurate appraisal of the existing water supply. This appraisal often requires a rapid, onsite field assessment of possible fecal coliform contamination with minimal equipment. The coliform bacteria are often referred to as “indicator organisms” because they indicate the potential presence of disease-causing bacteria. Not all microorganisms are harmful. Main harmful species of coliform bacteria that present in the sewage water are E.Coli. Even though not all species of E.coli are harmful, only certain strains of E.coli are harmful. The present work is conducted to study the presence of coliforms (that may be pathogenic) of groundwater of Meenambalam area, Kollam district, Kerala is selected and to evaluate the suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes. Groundwater from the wells as well as surface water bodies located at different parts of the study area were be analysed for the presence of total as well as fecal coliforms and estimation is done through multiple tube fermentation (MPN) technique.

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Hydro-Chemical Evaluation of Ground Water Quality in Meenambalam, Kollam District, Kerala, India[ ]


The suitability of groundwater quality for domestic and drinking purposes was assessed in Meenambalam area based on the various water quality parameters. Five groundwater samples were collected and analysed for parameters like pH, electrical conductivity, turbidity, total dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, bio-chemical oxygen demand, acidity, alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness and cations (Ca2+, Mg2+).

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Refining Volume Source Dispersion Model Parameters using Coupled Receptor Model Approach[ ]


Classical approaches of dispersion model and receptor model are used extensively used in past are complementry in nature. Dispersion models are used to predict pollutant concentrations at receptor provided the emission rates and meteorological conditions. This can be used to determine concentrations from point sources, line sources, and area sources prevailing in a region. Receptor model in other way predict the source contribution at a particular location by using receptor concentration and source profile as input parameters. Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) model are commonly using receptor model to estimate contributions in an area for known source profile data. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF), Unmix model can estimate the source contribution (source type) as well as source profile (source signature) for a known receptor concentration data more accurately. In the current research work a coupled approach of CMB receptor model and Gaussian dispersion model for Volume source emission has been formulated to predict accurate dispersion model parameters. According to initial parameters, concentration of particles in air, wind velocity etc. can be determined in accurate.

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Coupled Receptor–Dispersion Model Using Area Source Model Approach[ ]


Receptor modeling techniques like chemical mass balance are used to attribute pollution levels at a point from different sources. Here we analyse the composition of particulate matter and use the source profiles of sources prevalent in a region to estimate quantitative source contributions. In dispersion modelling on the other hand the emission rates of various sources together with meteorological conditions are used to determine the concentrations levels at a point or in a region. The modelling of emissions to predict concentrations at downwind distances close to the area sources such as agricultural is of great interest for practical applications. In this study of area source model, the Smith model and Parker model were used. Smith model is developed to determine concentration downwind of an area source.

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Comparative Study of Fluoride Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by using Bio-adsorbents[ ]


Contamination of fluoride in drinking water results severe health hazard problem. Adsorption is the most effective and widely used method and is applicable for the removal of fluoride even at low concentrations. So far a variety of biosorbents are used for the fluoride removal from groundwater has been investigated. The present research work is the comparative study of fluoride removal by using biosorbents. Here the bio-adsorbents used are Banana peel (Robusta) and Passion fruit peel and its seeds.

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COMPARITATIVE STUDY OF ADSORPTION OF Cr(VI) FROM WASTE WATER USING TAPIOCA PEEL AND BANYAN TREE ROOT[ ]


One of the most important and toxic heavy metals in wastewater is chromium. Cr (VI) is released from different industrial operations, including metallurgy, leather tanning, paint, textile industries, chemical manufacturing, pulp production, ore and petroleum refining, metal corrosion, electroplating products etc. Hexavalent chromium is toxic, carcinogenic, probably mutagenic and highly soluble. The harmful effects of chromium include lung and throat cancer. Since chromium is an important heavy metal used in various industrial processes, it finds its way into the industrial effluents causing lethal environmental hazards. The impacts of chromium on human health and the environment is matter of concern.The untreated metal containing effluents into water bodies is the most important pollution problems. Adsorption is one of the effective techniques for removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater. In the present study, low, batch adsorption is conducted using natural low cost adsorbents like Tapioca Peel (Manihot Esculanta) and Banyan Tree (Ficus Benghalensis) for the removal of chromium (VI) from wastewater. Experiment is conducted with increase in adsorption dosage. Adsorption efficiency of material will be found using UV spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 560nm.

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Nitrate Removal from Synthetic Wastewater by using Bio-adsorbent[ ]


Environmental pollution is the most terrible ecological crisis to which we are subjected today. Today the environment has become foul, contaminated, undesirable, and therefore harmful for the health of living organisms, including man. The most common contaminant identified in ground water is dissolved nitrogen in the form of Nitrate (NO3).Decomposition of organic matter present in soils leaching, of soluble fertilizers, human and animal excreta are the source of nitrate in subsurface waters. This research work is for to find preventive measures to avoid the nitrate pollution. This paper explains suitability of bio adsorbent i.e. ‘green algal powder’ for removal of nitrates from water has been studied. The work is for the use of bioadsorbent in the different dosages to achieve the task.

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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH & SAFETY ISSUES PREVAILED AMONG CASHEW WORKERS[ ]


Occupational safety and health has become a very vital issue because of the shifting of technological advancements and deployment of newer concepts. Assessment and management of the issues is a major hurdle in front of the management and workers. Cashew processing is a highly labour intensive industry and has a long history of employing a large number of workers. The state of Kerala accounts for the highest proportion of cashew workers in India which employs nearly three lakh workers. In most cashew plantations and processing units, workers face several health problems like irritation to fingertips, skin burns, dramatis, respiratory diseases, cancer and reproductive disorders due to risks from their nature of work. The present study aimed to assess and compare the status of occupational safety and health at cashew nut factories at Kollam district and to suggest safety measures for each unit workers and to the management authorities. Assessment was carried out through direct survey method. The result obtained indicates with back pain, head ache, asthma, cramp knees, joint pain affecting the life of labours especially from traditional industry. Working conditions of workers are poor at traditional industry when compared with modern industry. From the study in traditional industry about 80% of workers are suffering from back pain, 73% having pain in neck, 69% having joint pain, 44% suffering from cramp in knees, 5% have asthma and skin irritations; 50 % greater impacts were recorded with the age group of more than 40.

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Efficiency of Slow Sand Filter in Wastewater Treatment[ ]


Slow sand filtration is a technology that has been used for potable water filtration for hundreds of years. It is a process well-suited for small, rural communities since it does not require a high degree of operator skill or attention. As its name implies, slow sand filtration is used to filter water at very slow rates. The typical filtration rate is at least fifty times slower than for rapid rate filtration. Due to this slow rate of filtration, a large land area is required for the filtration basins. No chemical addition is required for proper filtration operation. Particle removal is accomplished primarily through biological processes that provide treatment. The biological activity is located primarily in the top surface of the filter known as the “schmutzdecke,” although recent research has indicated that biological processes throughout the depth of the filter bed may also influence particle removal. A “ripening” period from several weeks to several months is necessary for the biological organisms to mature in a new slow sand filter. Slow sand filters are not backwashed like rapid rate filters, but are instead scraped or harrowed periodically when head loss reaches 3 - 4 feet across the filter bed.

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