ICGITS' 2013 - Civil & Mechanical Engineering

Determination Of Hierarchical Order Of “objects” Affecting Interaction Equations Of Steel Beam-column Using Cluster Analysis[ ]


Steel beam-column strengths are normally estimated by interaction equations which contain different variables (“objects”) depending on cross section, length, support condition, loading condition and information on lateral supports. In order to know the hierarchical influence of some of these “objects” on the values of Pcal/Ptest determined using the interaction equations of the international standards AISC-LRFD and EN 1993-1-1:2005, cluster analysis is carried out. Slenderness ratio (?), relative eccentricity about major axis (mx) & minor axis (my), Ptest/Py and Py/Peulery are considered as “objects” for the cluster analysis to study their hierarchical influence on the values of Pcal/Ptest. 127 steel beam-column experimental results, collected from the literature, which are tested to failure by applying equal end-moments about both principal axes resulting in single curvature deformation, are considered for the study. The support conditions of the experiments considered are pin-ended and the slenderness ratio cover entire practical range (40 to 150). It is noted from this study that Py/Peulery affects Pcal/Ptest predominantly, meaning, it is the first “object” that affects the values of Pcal/Ptest in the hierarchical list. Py/Peulery is then followed by the “objects” Ptest/Py, relative eccentricity about major axis (mx), relative eccentricity about minor axis (my) and slenderness ratio (?), hierarchically, in affecting the values of Pcal/Ptest

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Structural Health Monitoring Using Wireless Sensor Networks[ ]


Conventional Structural Health monitoring systems use traditional wired sensor technologies and several other devices that are time consuming to install and require extensive lengths of cables to transmit recorded data from multiple sensors to a centralized data repository. Wired Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) systems poses constraints like high installation and maintenance cost, trained skilled personnel and data corruption due to noise issues. The technology advancement in wireless communication and microelectronics provides scope for wireless monitoring systems to eradicate the extensive lengths of wires associated with wired systems. Structural Health Monitoring systems equipped with MEMS sensors and wireless communication can reduce the costs to significant percentage of conventional monitoring systems, and will increase its field of application. In this paper an innovative approach based structural health monitoring system developed using wireless sensor nodes called Intelligent Structural Intelligent Health Monitoring (ISHM) has been presented. Wireless Sensor Networks allows for a pervasive observation over the sites of interest in order to minimize the potential damages caused to structures and increasing safety of the people. Moreover, the system provides real-time feedback to the civil engineer that promptly steer the functioning of the monitoring network

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Studies on Calibration Factor of Flat-Jack for Measuring In-Situ Stress on Concrete Members[ ]


There are numerous concrete structures which served more than a decade. The aging of concrete structures is produced primarily by the continuous impact on the material by the surrounding environment. So deterioration may occur that can significantly affect the service life of the structures. It is of critical importance to evaluate these deterioration mechanisms and how they influence the safety of the whole structure. In view of the above, assessment of in-situ stress in concrete structures will act as a baseline for strengthening and repair, if any required. For this reason, the need for adequate tools for assessing in-situ stress in concrete structures has become a subject of crucial economic and social interest. In past years the Flat-Jack testing technique was applicable only for masonry structures. Some research on masonry structures were carried out. This paper presents an overview of Flat-Jack technique, its applicability in concrete structures, selection of Flat-Jack dimensions, and calibration of Flat-Jack.

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Study of Impact Behavior of Coconut fibre Reinforced Concrete Slabs[ ]


Coconut fibres have the highest toughness amongst natural fibres. In tropical earthquake regions, the coconut fibre are used as reinforcement for low cost buildings. This paper presents the experimental investigations of the resistance to impact loading of concrete mortar slabs (size: 1000mm x 1000mm x 25mm) reinforced with natural fibre coir subjected to impact loading using a simple projectile test. The influence of 1%, 2%, and 3% 4% and 5% fibre contents by mass of cement and fibre lengths of 5 cm is investigated. The properties of plain concrete are used as a reference to evaluate the effect of coconut fibres in improving the properties of concrete. It is found that CFRC with a fibre length of 5 cm and a fibre content of 2% have got the best hardened properties and further with the combination of welded mesh and hexagonal mesh in slab has the best properties such as the impact resistance (Ru), residual impact strength ratio (Irs), impact crack-resistance ratio (Cr) and the condition of fibre at ultimate failure.

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Pollution Of Ashtamudi Estuary Due To Retting Of Coconut Husk And Its Environmental Impacts[ ]


Coir industry in Kerala brings sizeable income and sustains a large number of people. It also causes serious threat to the environment affecting water bodies, air and land causing severe health impacts. Natural retting of coconut husk, which is done in the initial stage of coir production has always had harmful effects. This study is focused on the variation of physicochemical parameters in water samples taken from different sites of the Ashtamudi estuary where intense retting is going on. The physicochemical parameters like Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Hardness, etc. showed much deviation from the standard values.

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Electrochemical Oxidation Treatment of Petroleum Refinery Effluent[ ]


An electrochemical oxidation process was carried out in a batch reactor for treating and upgrading petroleum refinery effluent, as a more adept option compared to the conventional methods, which consume more amounts of chemicals and produce large amounts of sludge. The electrochemical technology is regarded as a clean and powerful technology for the destruction of organic pollutants in water. The optimized electrooxidation conditions were current density 30 mA/cm2, pH 8, supporting electrolyte 2 g/l, and treatment time 120 minutes. Under the optimal condition, the power consumption 69 kWh/kg, mass transfer coefficient 0.006164 cm/s, and COD removal efficiency 92 %, were estimated. FTIR analysis was also done to study the removal of pollutants by electrooxidation degradation. The result shows the applicability of electrochemical technology as an alternative for removing the pollutant generated in petroleum industries.

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Effects of Seasonal Differences on Particulate Matter in Mediterranean Area[ ]


The aim of this study was to investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of the PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations in Mediterranean area. PM10 and PM2.5 level were monitored for shorter time periods at twelve different sites that located near congested area in Gaza strip, Palestine. The measurements were carried out using hand help particulate matter instruments during fall, winter and spring seasons from October 2011 to May 2012.Meanwhile, meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed were recorded during sampling period. It was found that all PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations were exceeding the standard value of 50 µg/m3 and 25 µg/m3 respectively in winter season. The ratios between PM2.5 and PM10 were found to be in the range of 0.21 to 0.55 which indicates the coarse particles (>2.5 µm) originated from road dust, and soil re-suspension are the dominated fractions of PM. Concentrations of PM10 and PM2.5 showed temporal and spatial variations during fall, winter and spring. Statistical analyses have shown a positive correlation between PM10 and PM2.5 and the highest correlation (0.91) was obtained between PM10 and PM2.5 at fall season. The negative correlation was observed between particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5) and wind speed in spring season where a positive correlation was observed between particulate matter and wind speed in winter..

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Fluoride Removal from Water using Moringa oleifera Seed Coagulation and Double Filtration[ ]


The best available technologies for fluoride removal from water are generally considered to be activated alumina adsorption and reverse osmosis. These methods are of high cost. Fluoride removal by aluminium coagulation is cost effective. Its secondary pollution badly affects human health. To reduce the fluoride by 1.0 mg/l, a dosage of 10-12 mg/l Al is required. This will increase the residual aluminium concentration in treated drinking water. Aluminum ions will cause anemia, hair loss and adverse neurological effects such as Alzheimer’s disease. The drinking water quality standard is 0.1 mg-Al/L in the western developed countries while 0.2 mg-Al/L in many other countries. The important issue urgently to be solved is to develop new environmental coagulants with satisfactory coagulation and little secondary pollution. Moringa oleifera seed acts as a natural coagulant, adsorbent and antimicrobial agent. It is believed that the seed is an organic natural polymer. The coagulation mechanism of the Moringa oleifera coagulant protein has been described as adsorption, charge neutralization and interparticle bridging. It is mainly characteristic of high molecular weight polyelectrolyte. In this study the advantage of proposing a sequential process using coagulation with Moringa oleifera seed and double filtration (Up-flow roughing filtration followed by rapid filtration) for the removal of fluoride from water is analysed.

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Modelling Equilibrium Colloid Deposition in Fractures with Fracture Skin [ ]


A fully implicit finite difference numerical model is developed for the transport of colloids in fractures with fracture skin. The conceptual model is developed based on the triple continuum approach. The model incorporates processes such as equilibrium colloid deposition onto the fracture surfaces, colloid penetration into the rock formation, sorption onto the fracture skin surfaces and sorption onto the rock matrix surfaces. Sensitivity analyses are performed to investigate the influence of various model parameters on the spatial evolution of colloid concentration in the fractured formation. It is demonstrated that the concentration of colloids along the fracture is influenced by the presence of fracture skin. It is also found that the colloid concentrations along the fracture increase with increase in size of colloids and increase in velocity.

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Management of Groundwater Salinity in Coastal Aquifers Using Artificial Neural Networks - A Case Study from Gaza Coastal Aquifer, Palestine [ ]


Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are widely applied tools for various hydrological applications. In this study, ANNs model was developed to simulate the groundwater salinity (described as chloride concentration) in coastal aquifers. The developed model was utilized as a decision making support tool for groundwater management by assessing the effects of two groundwater abstraction scenarios on the future groundwater salinity (in 2020 and 2030). The applicability of the developed model was validated using data from municipal wells in Gaza coastal aquifer in Palestine. Research results indicated that if abstraction rates remain the same as in the year 2010, groundwater salinity will rapidly increase to disquieting levels. However, if the abstraction is reduced by 50%, the salinity levels will be improved in most municipal wells. The study showed the ability of ANNs to be used as a groundwater management tool by assessing the consequences of different scenarios

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Modelling of Chemical Durability Parameter of Fly ash Blended Concrete [ ]


In this work the durability of Portland cement systems incorporating fly ash is investigated. The chemical durability issues including carbonation, chloride attack and sulphate attack were studied in detail. This work mainly aims at developing the models connecting the relative durability parameter and the oxide compositions of binder such as silicon di oxide, iron oxide, alumina and calcium oxide and the control ratios of the binder using the data collected. The models were developed using the multiple linear regression analysis. Also the validations of the model are included in the study.

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Optimum Concrete mix Design using Heuristic Techniques[ ]


This paper surveys the application of soft computing techniques in concrete mix design. Within this context, different methods as well as their fusion are reviewed in order to examine their capability.

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Studies on Suitability of Fly Ash Based Cement Mortar Dry- Mix with Quarry- Dust as Fine Aggregate[ ]


Demand for producing durable and environmental friendly construction material is in an alarming state. Exploration of river sand results in environmental issues such as deepening of ground water table. The replacement and reduction in consumption of this material is highly required to achieve sustainable construction. Supplementary cementitious materials proved to be effective to meet most of the requirements of the durable concrete / mortars. Usage of quarry dust and pozzolanic materials from industrial waste such as flyash are receving more attention these days as their uses generally improves the properties of concrete/ mortar. This study aims to find the effect on strength and sulphate durability of masonry mortars while using quarry dust as fine aggregate and replacement of part of cement with flyash. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) is partially replaced with fly ash at the dosage of 0,20,30,40 and 50 per cent by weight of cement. The binder to quarry dust ratio of 1:3, 1:4 and 1:6 and the water to binder ratio was selected as 0.65,0.75 and 0.85 based on the workability requirements. Mortar cubes cured on normal water and in sulphate rich water are tested for compressive strength, at different ages of 3,7,28,56 and 90 days. To study the volume change due to the exposure to sulphate, the change in length of mortar prisms were observed. Test results indicate that the early age strength of mortar is less and strength gain was observed at higher ages. Durability aspect also shows good response with the usage of flyash. The 20 percent fly ash replacement shows a better response in respect strength and durability.

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Development and Determination of Mechanical properties of fly ash and slag blended geo polymer concrete[ ]


This paper summarizes the development of low concentration alkali activator geopolymer concrete mixes and the results of tests conducted to determine the mechanical properties such has compressive strength, split tensile strength and flexural strength of fly ash and slag based geopolymer concrete. Tests were also conducted to determine the elastic modulus of the geopolymer mixes developed. Steel fibres were introduced in the mix to determine the residual strength and enhancement in the flexural strength. Tests were also conducted to determine the fracture energy. The results have been compared with an ordinary Portland cement based concrete.

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Experimental Research for Passive Solar Design and Energy Efficiency in Practical Net Zero Energy Buildings[ ]


The theory of passive solar design suggests that between 20 and 70 per cent of all household energy needs can be satisfied by simply designing the house in a naturally sound way, keeping the laws of the sun in mind. This experiment tested the validity of the above claim by retrofitting a regular apartment in suburban Mumbai. The results showed a considerable fall in energy consumption with a few minor tweaks in an existing residential house’s design. The conclusion is that Passive solar energy design, coupled with active solar and wind or solar/wind hybrid generators, could play a pivotal role in achieving the goal of a Net Zero Energy Building.

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Mustard Press Cake Pyrolysis and Product Yield Characterization[ ]


Developing countries like India are facing a problem of higher waste generation due to increasing population. The shortage of disposal ground and stringent environmental rules are some of the main constraints of waste management. On the other hand the life of the conventional fossil fuel has become limited in the present era, where the use of energy and their source has been growing faster than the world population. The rigorous use of fossil fuel increases the emission rate of the green house gases which is a threat to the world climate. As a consequence, the world energy resources are exhausting and environment pollution is increasing. The world wide researchers are working to develop economical, energy-efficient processes and resources for production of fuels. In recent years pyrolysis method has been receiving great attention as a promising technology for producing char, bio-oil and gas. In this present investigation, mustard press cakes have been chosen as a source of renewable energy and as a pyrolysis feedstock. Experiments have been performed to determine the reaction kinetics. Temperature effects of pyro products yield have been discussed. CHNS and SEM analysis of char obtained from mustard press cake have been done. Pyro-oil yield was analysed using FT-IR.

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Gas Hydrate Applications And Problems In Oil And Gas Industry[ ]


This paper presents a brief account of different applications and problems of gas hydrate in oil and gas industry. Broadly, gas hydrate is clathrate physical compounds, in which the molecules of gas are trapped in crystalline cells, formed from hydrogen bonds of water molecules. Gas hydrates can be formed from all the gases in the presence of water under different conditions of high pressures and low temperatures. The oil and gas industry for many years take a strict measures to prevent gas from forming hydrates because of their annoying tendency to plug pipelines. However, natural gas hydrates exist on earth in colder regions, such as permafrost, or sea bottom areas, are an unconventional energy resource available for mankind. The other positive applications are carbon dioxide sequestration, gas separation, and natural gas storage and transportation. Finally, the use of hydrate dissociation energy can be applied in refrigeration processes and cool storage.

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Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) as a Solution for the Indian Energy Problems: A Domestic Perspective[ ]


Since the Kyoto protocol agreement, Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) has garnered large emphasis in terms of certified emission reductions (CER) not only amidst the global carbon market but also in India. This paper attempts to assess the impact of CDM towards sustainable development particularly in rural domestic lighting sector. A detailed survey has undertaken in the state of Kerala, in southern part of India to study the rural domestic energy consumption pattern. The data collected was analyzed that throws insight into the interrelationships of the various parameters that influence domestic lighting energy consumption. The analysis also provides a plat form for implementing CDM projects in the sector and related prospects with respects to the Indian scenario

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Reduction of sand handling energy consumption and emissions in foundries by an innovative approach[ ]


The green sand casting process constitutes upwards of 90 percent of the molding materials used[1] and estimates are that less than 15 percent of the 6-10 million tons of spent foundry sands generated annually are recycled. The recycling of spent foundry sand can save energy, reduce the need to mine virgin materials, and may reduce costs for both producers and end users[2]. Hence this paper seeks to conserve energy and natural resources by applying an innovative method of making sand molds by embedding raw materials (virgin/scrap) around the mold cavity in such a way that the raw materials displace sand, absorb waste heat from molten metal, minimize sand temperatures and thus conserve sand quality and quantity. Various experiments conducted for this research show that more than 200 °C temperature reduction in sand is achievable by this method, apart from energy conservation in furnace, which is a side benefit. When sand temperatures are reduced by the presence of raw materials which absorb the heat, it paves way to reduce the mold emissions are improve sand recyclability. Reduced temperatures of sand also reduce the cooling system power requirements. The method has been registered for patent.

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Integrated Biomass and Solar Thermal Power Plant - A Case Study[ ]


Renewable energy technologies are clean and meet the energy demand which is not met by conventional sources of energy technologies, The cost of Linear Fresnel Reflector (LFR) technology is low compared to other solar concentrating collectors and suitable for medium temperature heat recovery. The work focuses on experimental development and performance evaluation of LFR with a single axis tracking mode and integration of it with biomass power plant. In LFR collector, the sunlight is concentrated on a fixed absorber tube to heat the working fluid which passes through the tube and the heated working fluid is used for thermal applications. Six number of thin flat plane reflective mirrors with high reflectivity have been used to reflect the solar radiation on a focal line. There are three round copper tubes used as fixed receiver tubes placed at the focal line to absorb the concentrated heat. Although the current experimental model is small, it will bring a breakthrough of commercial solar energy concentration application technology in the near future, because of its low cost compared to parabolic trough collector. The thermal performance of the LFR solar device is studied experimentally during peak sunny hours. By integrating this technology with biomass power plant is attractive for their potential to increase power output, decrease dependence on Biomass fuels and to reduce greenhouse gases. The main objective of this work is to find the efficiency of LFR at VIT University, Vellore conditions. This work also extended to develop a biomass power plant with the integration of solar reflectors.

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Investigations on Mechanical Properties of Pineapple Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composite Material[ ]


Natural fibers as reinforcement in polymer have gained great importance in recent years due to their good mechanical properties and eco-friendly nature. They have been gaining importance and replacing artificial fibers in many of the applications. Among the wide range of natural fibers that are available pineapple fiber was selected as the natural fiber under study for the analysis due to comparatively better mechanical properties, ease of availability and low cost. The test for tear strength, tensile strength and curing time were performed on three samples and the results obtained for the three samples were analysed

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Cryogenic Technique for the Steel Heat Treatment [ ]


Considering the wide uses of steel, it is surprising to many people that there is still much do not know about it. This paper will review what is known about cryogenic tempering and future research plans to improve our understanding of these important phenomena. Cryogenics or deep freezing have been around for quite some time. Cryogenic processing had its US origins in 1940s. Cold treatments or sub zero treatments are done to make sure that there is no retained austenite during quenching. Cryogenics is a relatively new process and to eliminate retained austenite, the tempering has to be lowered, but one that using correct procedures can bring substantial economic benefits. In cryogenic treatment the material is to be deep freeze temperatures of as low as -185C (-301F). The austenite is unstable at this temperature and the whole structure becomes martensite. This is the reason to use cryogenic treatment. Processing is not a substitute for heat treating if the product is properly treated or if the product is over heated during remanufacturing or it is over stressed during use. Cryogenic processing will not in itself harden metal like quenching and tempering, it is an additional treatment to heat treating. The benefits of this process includes; reduction of abrasive and adhesive wear, improved machining properties resulting from permanent change of structure of the metal, reduction of frequency and cost of tool remanufacturing and reduction of likelihood of catastrophic tool failure due to stress fracture. In the present study, the cryogenic technique is applied by exposing the steel to deep freezing environment for 24 hours and slowly raised to room temperature. Cryogenic processing makes changes to the structure of the materials being treated and dependent on the composition of the material, it performs three things; viz. retained austenite turned to martensite, carbide structures are refined and stress is relieved.

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Application of optimization techniques in metal forging- A review and reflection[ ]


Optimization of forging process is required to reduce the production cost of the die as well as the forged part and also to increase the accuracy of the die and the forged part. In metal forging process the performance of the die and hence product quality is heavily dependent on various parameters. In order to reduce the cost of forging process and make it competent with other production methods, it is essential to optimize these parameters that will facilitate a risk free manufacturing environment which can help to minimize the overall cost. In metal forging optimization problems, the interest is to produce quality products with minimum energy. A significant improvement in process efficiency may be obtained by process parameter optimization that identifies and determines the regions of critical process control factors leading to desired outputs or responses with acceptable variations ensuring a lower cost of manufacturing. Since the past few years computer aided engineering (CAE) techniques have been widely used for research in metal forging. Amongst them finite element analyses (FEA) have been greatly successful to provide the understanding of metal flow and die stresses for different forming processes. The present paper attempts a literature survey on the applications of finite element method (FEM), statistical tools and soft computing (SC) tools in metal forging processes

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Hybridization of Natural Fiber Composites on Mechanical Properties[ ]


Natural fibers are now considered as a suitable alternative to glass fibers due to their advantages like low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, recyclables, etc. In this investigation, natural fibers like banana, sisal and hybrid (banana/sisal) were fabricated using moulding method. The tensile, flexural and compression strength of the fabricated composites were tested using Universal Testing Machine and analyzed. In addition to that the wear resistances of the fabricated composites are also tested. All the testing was conducted both in as fabricated and under moisture conditions. The hybridization of composites was found to be enhancing the mechanical properties. Tensile and flexural loading conditions, hybrid and banana reinforced fiber performed well. In compression and impact loading, hybrid and sisal fiber reinforced composites found their suitability. Wear resistance of the hybrid composites are found to be good.

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Rapid prototyping Application in manufacturing of EDM Electrode [ ]


Electric discharge machining (EDM) is commonly used by toolmakers for complex injection moulds, punch dies and cavities made from hard to machine materials. Since conception EDM electrodes have been manufactured from solid conductive metals including copper and tungsten, and also using non-metals mainly graphite which are easy to machine. But the requirement of mold and die industries for quicker and flexible manufacturing method has prompted to apply rapid prototyping (RP) techniques in electrode preparation. In this regard present study will review the current research trend in this area. Various methods of producing electrodes through RP are classified and a large number of supplementary processes which integrated each route are reported.

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Drilling Profile Characteristics Of Natural Fibers Reinforced Composites On Mechanical Properties[ ]


Natural fibers are now considered as a suitable alternative to glass fibers due to their advantages like low cost, high strength-to-weight ratio, recyclables, etc. Combining natural fibers with glass fiber also decreases the usage of glass fiber. In this investigation, natural fibers like sisal and hybrid glass fiber composites were fabricated using Hand-lay method. The tensile, flexural and impact strength of the fabricated composites were tested using Universal Testing Machine (UTM) under the with and without moisture condition. The load - Displacement graph obtained from UTM, the effect of fibers and its combinations on the Ultimate stress and the percentage elongation were determined. The impact strength of the composites was determined using un-notched charpy Impact tester from the experimentations it was concluded that the sisal-glass hybrid composites exhibit better strength. Sisal and glass fiber is used as reinforcement and the polymer based resin is used as a matrix. The mechanical properties like Tensile, Flexural and Impact strength are analyzed in detail. The drill hole profile is analyzed by using profile projector with 20x magnification.

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Electroless Plating on Plastic[ ]


To compete in the emerging global marketplace industries shows an increasing interest in the development of advanced material possessing attractive properties. Metalized product made by deposition of metallic layers on products made of plastics and composite materials is one of the ideal examples in this respect. Since the plastic products are lighter, have low cost and can be moulded into any shapes in very short time duration by reducing the manufacturing time and cost for complex products. Also if these parts can be attributed the characteristics of metal by metallization then the final part would brings out the revolutionary change in the market with increasing demands for it. The paper reviews the various ways of metalizing the plastic parts and the comparison among them.

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Effect of Tool Geometry in Drilling of Aerospace Materials [ ]


Carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP’s) have many desirable properties like high strength-to-weight ratio, high corrosion resistance, and low thermal expansion. These properties make CFRP more suitable in structural components in aerospace application. Drilling is the most common machining operation in CFRP composites and it becomes difficult due to the extreme abrasive nature and low thermal conductivity of CFRP. The objective of this study is to compare and study the effect of tool geometry in drilling of CFRP composite through an experimental approach. A standard tool and double cone drills are employed in the drilling experiments of aerospace materials like CFRP. Thrust force, torque, tool wear and surface roughness were documented at regular intervals during drilling. Mathematical model for double cone tool geometry is developed.

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A review on brazing parameters and the experiments used to analyze the parameters[ ]


Brazing is a joining technique which is commonly used in many industrial applications. There are many parameters which decide the perfectly brazed joint. This paper presents a literature survey on the different parameters which affect the successful brazing of components and the different tests used to analyze the parameters. As the brazing technique has numerous applications even in the current industrial scenario, many researches are being carried out on the same. This paper gives a general view of the research work carried out on brazing and the parameters affecting it.

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Experimental Investigation into Ball Burnishing Process of Brass Using Taguchi Approach[ ]


Burnishing is a chipless finishing process, which employs a rolling tool, pressed against the work piece, in order to achieve plastic deformation of the surface layer. The burnishing process increases the surface hardness of the work piece which in turn improves wear resistance, improves tensile strength, increases corrosion resistance, maintains dimensional stability and improves the fatigue strength by inducing residual compressive stresses in the surface of the work piece. In the experimental study, presented in this paper, ball burnishing of brass was done using standard L-18 array Taguchi’s design of experiments. The aim of work was to find optimum burnishing parameters for enhancing the surface quality and surface hardness of the workpiece. In the experimental analysis, it is found that all the process parameters significantly affect the quality. The results revealed that the use of optimum burnishing parameters resulted in improvements in the surface finish and increase in the surface hardness.

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Minimization of Inertial and Slap Forces Induced IC Engine Mount Vibration Displacement using ACO[ ]


The unbalanced forces due to the reciprocating and rotating components and the dynamics of piston's secondary motion piston inside the inner wall of the cylinder block of reciprocating machines are analyzed. This paper presents an analytical model, which can predict the impact forces and vibratory displacement response of engine block surface at the engine mount induced by the inertia and piston slap of an internal combustion engine. The unbalanced forces developed from piston, connecting rod and the crank shaft are modeled using equation of motion. A piston is modeled on a three-degree-of-freedom system to represent kinematic motion. The slap impact at cylinder wall (ie. between piston and cylinder inner wall) is modeled on a two-degree-of-freedom vibratory system. The model is formulated such that the parameters mass and lead angles are the design variables and the displacement caused is the objective function. For this model to determine the displacement the engine is rotated for the specific time period and solved using Runge-Kutta (RK) method. To minimize the vibration displacements at the mounts the design variables are optimized using Ant Colony Algorithm (ACA).

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Rapid Investment Casting - Road ahead[ ]


Rapid product creation is the buzzword of present market. Prototyping market is thriving today. Conventional manufacturing fails to obey the prototyping marketers ‘Faster -Cheaper -Better’ dictum. The Prototyping market urges to-days’ manufacturers to explore technology integration for compliance . Integration of conventional precision casting process with various rapid prototyping technologies is one of the finest logical options opened to the rapid product development research community, in the realm of precision engineering component development. This paper is made on the same theme. Here, SLS technology, the most popular Rapid Prototyping but the least recommended for the stated purpose is selected for experimentation. Equipments used are 1. Dilatometer,2. SLS Sinterstation,3. Precision casting Lab. The test pieces are modelled in Duraform Polyamide powder on SLS machine. Test pieces are tested for its thermal expansion on Dilatometer. A series of tests are carried out on the dilatometer for exploring the possibility of restricting the thermal expansion of Durafrm artifacts. Duraform expansion is compared with one of the recommended investment casting sacrificial pattern material . Interesting observations are made , thermal expansion restricted considerably ie from 2.2 % to0.3% !!!. It is a success on laboratory scale. Hence authors invite RP research community to commercialise the concept suitably, for the benefit of precision casting industry. Authors are working in their RP lab on technology integration in the area of precision components development

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Carbon di- Oxide Reduction In A SI Engine-Experimental And CFD Studies[ ]


Besides the further reduction of the harmful gaseous emissions (HC, CO and NOX) to meet stringent emission limits, the discussion on lowering the CO2 emissions is omnipresent. Various solid materials like calcium oxide, zeolite, hydrotalcite, silicon carbide nanotubes are readily adsorb carbon dioxide. A new family of three way catalytic converter-technologies offers to tune the catalyst system to the engine performance and the back pressure requirement, which helps to minimizing CO2 emissions. In addition, these technologies show improved performance in HC, CO, NOX, light-off, and in CO and NOX conversions under dynamic conditions-this again can positively impact the CO2 emissions as less harsh heating strategies for start is required. A low exhaust back pressure and a fast light-off contribute to fuel reduction and with that to CO2 reduction. Computer simulation is being increasingly used in the catalytic converter industry. The objective of the present work is to reduce CO2 emissions by following methods (1) Enhancing the catalyst system to the engine performance and the back pressure (CFD Analysis) (2) Attaching chemical reagent system to the catalytic converter and thereby reducing CO2 emissions from the exhaust. The reduction in exhaust gas back pressure of the exhaust system offers a possibility to reduce the CO2 emissions as well as having improved power and torque characteristics of the engine. Hydrotalcite, zeolite , and silicon carbide nanotube, posses high rate of adsorption capacity of CO2 at elevated temperatures. A converter of required size or configuration based on CFD results will be fabricated and tested with the above adsorbents.

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Machining Parameters Evaluations on Dimensional Accuracy in Abrasive Electric Discharge Machining (AEDM) Process Using Taguchi Methodology[ ]


These Dimensional accuracy is always important consideration in any machining process. The objective of this experimental study is to determine parameters that offer the best dimensional accuracy in abrasive mixed electrical discharge machining (AEDM). El trode polarity, electrode type, peak current, pulse on time, duty cycle, gap voltage, flushing pressure and abrasive concentration in dielectric are taken as machining parameters for blind hole operation on Hastelloy steel. The experimental investigations are carried out using copper and cryogenically treated copper electrode. L36 orthogonal array of Taguchi methodology is used to identify the effect of machining parameters on dimensional accuracy measured in terms of diametric overcut. Machining parameters are optimized for best dimensional accuracy. ANOVA analysis is carried out to identify the significant parameters that affect the hole accuracy. Confirmation tests are performed on at predicted optimum process parameters and results are verified. It is observed that abrasive concentration, peak current; polarity and electrode type are major significant parameters that effect dimensional accuracy in terms of overcut

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Efficiency Optimization during Electric Discharge Machining of H-13 Steel Based on Grey Relation Analysis [ ]


Optimization of multi-performance characteristics is more complex compared to optimization of single-performance characteristics. Grey relation analysis is a new technique for decision making, relational analysis, and performing prediction in different areas. In this paper, the use of grey relational analysis for optimizing the machining efficiency during electric discharge machining of H-13 tool steel is introduced. The machining parameters selected for the study are polarity, electrode type, peek current, pulse on time, duty cycle, gap voltage, retract distance and flushing pressure. Machining performance is evaluated in the form of material removal rate, tool wear rate and wear ratio. An L36 (21X37) orthogonal array based on the Taguchi method has been adopted to conduct series of experiments and to measure the machining performance parameters. A grey relation grade is obtained from the grey relation analysis which represents the aggregate of different selected machining parameters. By this approach a multi-objective parametric optimization is converted into optimization of a single grey relational grade.

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Parametric Study Of Lattice Conical Adaptor[ ]


In aerospace and launch vehicle systems, grid stiffened composite play a vital role in the design of structures of high specific stiffness. Strength of light weight structures depends mainly on the stiffening methods employed in its design. Various stiffening methods being used for structural products are the T, Z, blade and hat. This provided the benefit of added load carrying capability with a marginal weight penalty. Due to lower weight and cost, composite grid/lattice structure concept is advantageous over stiffened and sandwich designs. Grid structures are characterized by a lattice of rigid, interconnected ribs. These are fabricated with or without skins depending upon the applications. The ribs that comprise the structure can be arranged in a variety of ways. Generally the ribs are arranged in axial, circumferential and helical directions. As per the literature, unidirectional arrangement of the ribs possesses good impact damage tolerance, resistance to delamination and crack propagation across the grid. The ribs comprising the grid structure are usually loaded in axial direction so that in composite grid structure fibers are usually oriented along the ribs axial direction to provide axial strength and stiffness. The main advantages of the grid structure are its stable configuration, higher structural efficiency and lower cost.

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Design and Development of CFRP Tubular Truss Structures[ ]


Due to high specific strength and specific stiffness exhibited by composites, they are used to achieve higher payload capabilities in launch vehicle applications. In this paper, a CFRP tubular member is designed and with these members a tubular structure is analysed and developed. Optimization studies were carried out with different layup sequences to find the optimum one. The layup sequence (0/90/30/0/-30/0/0/0/0/-30/0/30/0/0)s is found to be most desirable and was selected for the composite tubes. The composite tubes were fabricated by hand by rolling the prepreg tapes and were tested in the UTM to find out the failure load under compression and tension. The tested results of strain values were correlated with finite element analysis results. Assembly of composite tubes, brackets and end fittings were done. Linear static analysis was carried out to find the deflection and stresses and was found that they are within permissible limits. Buckling analysis was also done to find the buckling capability of the structure. It was found that the design is safe against buckling.

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Low Frequency Vibration Analysis on Passenger Car Seats[ ]


Seating dynamics, and specifically the human perception of the dynamic comfort of a seat, is an area that is of increasing importance to automotive manufacturers catering for a market becoming more and more competitive and sophisticated. A major portion of the vibration experienced by the occupants of an automobile enters the body through the seat. To date significant attention has been paid to the static comfort of seats while work on dynamic seat comfort is limited. In this project we have evaluated the change in transmissibility under two different terrains, which plays a key role in determining the dynamic comfort. The response of the seat, under smooth and coarse road were found and analysed for four different cars. Long term exposure to high frequency vibration will cause serious health problems in humans. And hence the transmissibility and resonance frequencies were found in the experiment. From the acceleration data, the ride comfort index was found and analysed. The project also aimed at identifying the biological impacts on the passenger due to the vibrations at various frequencies. Thus the project will help us to understand the dynamic comfort, ride comfort index, and the transmissibility at different terrain roads of the car seats under study

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Crash Simulation In Ansys Ls-dyna To Explore The Crash Performance Of Composite And Metallic Materials[ ]


During an automobile crash, some parts in the front of an automobile body will have plastic deformation and absorb a lot of energy. Hence it becomes necessary to check the car structure for its crash ability so that safety is achieved together with fuel economy. A simple finite element (FE) model of a car is developed in ANSYS and it is solved for full frontal impact in ANSYS LS-DYNA explicit code. Computational simulations and various results are plotted and analyzed. There are various test configurations. We have limited our analysis to frontal impact with a rigid wall at a speed of 35 mph, corresponding to a NHTSA (National Highway Traffic Safety Administration) full frontal impact. It was noted that composite materials could be used more effectively for light-weightiness other than metallic materials without affecting the necessary impact energy absorbing capacity of the car body. Since composite materials and metallic materials absorb approximately the same energy during a car crash we conclude that composite materials can be used for light-weightiness in automobiles.

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Topology Optimization and Flexible Building Block Design and Analysis of Compliant Mechanism for Vibration Isolation [ ]


Compliant mechanisms are designed for different type of applications because of the stability, zero backlash,ease of manufacturing and robustness endowed by their unitized construction. This paper presents an application of compliant mechanism for vibration isolation system with rigid foundation. Vibration isolators are specified for those rotating machines that could impart enough forces. Structural optimization approach is focused on the determination of the topology, shape and size of the mechanism. The building blocks are used to optimize a structure for force transmission. Flexible building blocks method for the optimal design of compliant mechanisms. A library of compliant elements is proposed in FlexIn. These blocks are in limited number, the basis is composed of 36 elements. The approach used to establish the actuator model of the block and its validation by commercial finite element software. The force transmitted to the rigid foundation through the isolator is reduced to avoid transmission of vibration to other machines. The design drawing model is compared with the existing isolator model, displacement transmissibility or amplitude for varying disturbance frequency and the force transmitted for corresponding disturbance frequency. Isolation efficiency of design drawing model is proven to be high when compared with the existing model.

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Estimation of Mixed mode Stress Intensity Factor and Interaction Behaviour of Surface Cracks in Rectangular Bar[ ]


Multiple cracks emanating from threaded fasteners and rectangular plates represent one of the most common fracture sources in aircraft structures and automobiles. Due to complexities in analysis of multiple cracks, many researchers have studied the damage tolerance analysis of single crack in rectangular plate, notched and un-notched round bar in which the effect of crack interaction has been neglected. This paper presents the stress intensity factor and interaction behavior of multiple cracks which are located in opposite direction in a rectangular bar subjected to far filed tension loading. Two surface cracks of same dimensions were introduced in the opposite sides of a rectangular bar. The crack depth ratio (a/t) ranging between 0.1 and 0.4 was considered for different crack aspect ratios (a/c = 0.6 and 1.0). The crack front region was meshed with iso-parametric singular elements to determine the SIF values accurately. The SIF values of single and multiple cracks are compared to understand the interaction behaviour of opposite cracks. Higher SIF values are observed at the crack surface region (S/S0 = +1, -1) for a semi circular crack (a/c=1.0) at lower crack depths ((a/t) < 0.2 whereas, the SIF values are higher at the crack middle region (S/S0 = 0) for a semi elliptic crack (a/c = 0.6) irrespective of the crack depth ratios. It is observed that, SIF values are not symmetric with crack middle region at higher depths due to additional effect of mode II and mode III fracture. It is also noted that the interaction effect of the growing cracks is more significant at higher crack depths. The effect is more significant at the crack middle region compared to crack surface region. The SIF values at the middle region of an elliptic crack are higher than circular crack irrespective of crack depth ratios considered in the present study.

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The Dynamic model approch for Reverse Logistics in India by third party logistics[ ]


This third party logistics (3PL) is drawing the due attention at government, industrial, academicians and practitioner’s levels. If the logistics cost in India can be brought down from the current level of 13% of GDP to 9% (level in the U.S.), the savings would be around Rs 3 lakh crore approximately per annum. Reverse Logistics has received various countries’ universal attentions facing short of the global resources; while inventory management is playing a key role in setting up efficient closed loop supply chains. As cost pressures continue to mount in the competitive logistics industry, a growing number of third-party logistics providers have begun to explore the possibility of managing product returns in a more cost-efficient manner. However, few studies have addressed the problem of determining the number and location of repair facilities where returned products from retailers or end-customers were inspected, repaired, and refurbished for redistribution. To fill the void in such a line of research, the proposed paper reviews current industry practices in reverse logistics. Specifically, examine the critical issues and processes that an organization has to address to engage in the reverse logistics business. A reverse logistics decision-making model is developed to guide the process of examining the feasibility of implementing reverse logistics in third-party providers.

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Mixing Enhancement in Supersonic coaxial flows with angled rear wall cavity using clover nozzle[ ]


In hypersonic air breathing engines, due to the extremely short residence time of air in supersonic combustor, an efficient mixing between two coaxial streams is very hard to achieve. The overall issue is to enhance mixing in such engines, by introducing both active and passive mixing techniques. Active method by the introduction of cavities and passive method by using three lobed Clover nozzle. Numerical study of supersonic flow over cavity was carried out by varying the aspect ratio of the mixing tube and the rear wall inclinations of cavity inside the mixing tube. The mixing effectiveness in the various configurations was analyzed with the help of mixing parameters. The results indicated an enhancement in mixing and also the pressure losses were minimized when clover with rear wall inclined cavity configurations are employed

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Space Junk: Can We Remove It?[ ]


It is the legacy of more than half a century of space. Today, it is said there are more than 22,000 objects actively being tracked. These are just the big, easy-to-see items, however. Moving around unseen are an estimated 500,000 particles ranging in size between 1-10cm across, and perhaps tens of millions of other particles smaller than 1cm.All of it is travelling at several kilometers per second - sufficient velocity for even the smallest fragment to do a lot of damage if it strikes an operational space mission .Thus the biggest challenge to the engineers is to remove this junk. Scientists have proposed a viable solution to the growing problem of space junk. The idea involves launching a satellite to rendezvous with the largest space debris, such as spent rocket bodies. UK engineers are developing a system to harpoon rogue or redundant satellites and pull them out of the sky. UK researchers have developed a device to drag space junk out of orbit. They plan to launch a demonstration of their "Cube Sail" next year. So in this paper we will be going through few solutions to remove this junk. Although many theories are been brought into this matter in last decades, we will be going through few of them. We have to come out with a innovative thought to face this engineering problem in the field to space technology

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