Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2015 Edition

Publication for Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2015.

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Design and Simulation of Micro strip Patch Antenna on RT DUROID 5880 Substrate for Object Detection Using RADAR[ ]


The area of micro strip antennas has seen some inventive work in recent years and is currently one of the most dynamic fields of antenna theory. This designing is very easy. In this paper SHF band frequencies x-band frequency 8 GHz gives the best result, the antenna has become a necessity for many applications in recent wireless communications, such as Radar, Microwave and space communication. The proposed antenna design on different optimum patch length and analyzed result of all optimum patch length 8GHz frequency, When the proposed antenna design on a 62mil RT DUROID 5880 substrate from Rogers-Corp with dielectric constant of 2.2 and loss tangent of 0.0004. At 8 GHz the micro strip patch was verified and tested result on CST SIMULATOR are Return loss = -15.76dB, VSWR = 1.38, Directivity = 8.591dBi, Gain = 7.752dBi, 3 dB beam width = 73degrees, and the achievable bandwidth of the proposed antenna obtained is 100MHz at -15dB return loss. All results are shown in Simulation results.

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EFFECT OF REINFORCED PARTICULATES (Sic and Al2O3) ON FRICTION STIR WELDED JOINT OF MAGNESIUM ALLOY AZ91[ ]


This work was focused to study the changes in behavior of Magnesium alloy friction stir welded joint by inserted ‘Sic’ and ‘Al2O3’ Reinforced particles with an appropriate volume fraction at weld interface by providing gap provision and interlocking between two metal plates to form a butt weld containing reinforced particles. Used a friction stir welding apparatus to stir reinforced particles into two base materials and a friction stir weld was formed. Moreover, metallurgical bonding was achieved between the reinforced particles and the base materials. Quality assessment included the visual inspection, temperature measurement in welding region, Tensile strength testing, impact strength testing, and hardness measurements. Research aimed at the recognition of FSW abilities to weld Magnesium alloys by inserting reinforced particles at weld interface and influence of reinforced particles and interlocking on weld properties. The research results have revealed that magnesium alloy AZ91 were weldable with reinforced particles using FSW process. Further it is concluded that Adding of reinforcement particles at weld interface increasing the mechanical properties such as hardness, yield strength, and small reduction in ultimate strength than base metal. But at the same time elongation decreases and the behavior of Material changes from ductile to brittle.

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PIR in E-Health Using Secured Cloud Database[ ]


Electronic patient health records encompass valuable information about patient’s medical problems, diagnoses, and treatments offered including their outcomes. However, a problem for medical professionals is an ability to efficiently access the information that are documented in the form of free-text. A multitude of systems are now available through which the vision of access to distributed data for personalised medicine or e-Health is now very much a reality , but retrieving these private data’s are very much in question. Private Information Retrieval (PIR) allows a user to retrieve bits from a database while hiding the user’s access pattern. The goal of Private Information Retrieval (PIR) is for a client to query a database in such a way that no one, including the database operator, can determine any information about the desired database record. This can be applied for retrieving useful data’s of patients affected by cancer across the world., while the information is stored in cloud database for each region connected through network. This paper discusses more about hybrid cloud in trust building knowledge discovery for Private informational retrieval. Existing processes for patients’ vital data collection require a great deal of labour work to collect, input and analyse the information. Privacy is also a major issue. Creating and updating these cloud databases also proves to be a difficult task, with major improvement in cancer treatments day by day, offering a solution to the needful users with private dealing is almost welcoming.

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Evaluation of the Locations of Emergency Medical Service Based Black Spots on the Highway: a Case Study Darbandikhan Town[ ]


Today, road safety plays as key and integral role in a sustainable transportation development strategy in the most countries. One of the major steps in improving road safety is the specification of the locations with an unusual high number of accidents which is defined black spots. This paper attempts to reduce accident frequency or severity in the road network of Darbandikhan town through two things. The first is identifying the black spots on road network and arrange it according to their severity to specify the priority in treatment. The second is evaluating the effectiveness (response time) of the current locations of emergency medical service (EMS) based on black spots by using ArcGIS10 software. The results define 16 black spots in road network in the Darbandikhan town as a case study, and show improper locations for the emergency medical services. The outcomes of this study can find a way for prioritizing the black spots which need to remedial treatment to improve road safety. Also, it can be used to assess the current locations of EMS and consequently, reducing the numbers of deaths and unnecessary suffering of injured people.

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An Inventory Model For Deteriorating Items With Selling Price Dependent Demand And Variable Deterioration Under Inflation With Time Dependent Holding Cost[ ]


In this, we considered an inventory model in which demand is taken as a function of selling price and variable rate of deterioration is taken as a linear function of time and a storage time dependent holding cost. The holding cost per unit of the item is considered to be a linear function of time spent in storage. In this paper effect of inflation rate is considered and shortages are not allowed. An inventory model is developed for obtaining optimum cycle length for the given cost structure. The proposed model reduces to well known result, by choosing appropriate value of the parameters.

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Botanical Garden as a Recreational Park: Balancing Economic Interest with Conservation[ ]


Bali Botanic Garden (Kebun Raya Bali) was originally established for botanical research and conservation, but has subsequently grown as an attractive tourism attraction. To attain information on the development of Bali Botanic Garden, this study examines several research questions as follows: (1) what are the characteristics of visitors?; (2) what is the perception of visitors on Bali Botanic Garden?; (3) which factors push and motivate visitors to come?; (4) which factors affect the visitors of Bali Botanic Garden?. This study utilized survey method with 88 respondents as the sample. The instrument used was in the form of questionnaire, which was then analyzed with descriptive statistical tools, and factor analysis to determine factors that affect visitors to visit Bali Botanic Garden. The results are as follows: (1) visitors of Bali Botanic Garden is dominated by domestic tourists, students and private employees, 20 to 40 age group, repeat visitors, and male visitors; (2) visitors of Bali Botanic Garden are pushed and motivated by the needs for relaxation, escape, strengthening family bond and play as very strong push factors. Secondary push factors include the needs for interaction, prestige, educational opportunity, and wish fulfillment as strong push factors. Meanwhile, romance and self-fulfillment are weak push factors; (3) five factors affect Bali Botanic Garden as a destination, including fees and service, natural attraction, accessibility, atmosphere, and facilities. Several recommendations for the management of Bali Botanic Garden include: (1) consider to visitor characteristics when diversifying the botanical garden; (2) pay attention to push factors deemed important by visitors to better match their expectations; (3) consider the five factors that were formed in managing, conserving, and utilizing the botanical garden so that this garden remain a viable tourism destination for locals and visitors.

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The Regenerative Energy Suspension System[ ]


The amount of energy dissipated in the suspension system has brought several studies to harness the energy that was considered to be a waste previously. The factor affecting the harness of this energy is elaborated. The remedies are enlisted to overcome the issues. Few suspension system’s researches are reviewed. The paper concludes with a proposed system. Experimental results of the model are elaborated. Further, the outcomes are enlisted with future directions for applications ahead. Thereby the objective of this paper is to reveal the application of the suspension system to supply the vibration (mechanical) energy back to the battery system by converting it into electrical energy.

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Data Leakage Detection Using Cloud Computing[ ]


In the virtual and widely distributed network, the process of handover sensitive data from the distributor to the trusted third parties always occurs regularly in this modern world. It needs to safeguard the security and durability of service based on the demand of usersA data distributor has given sensitive data to a set of supposedly trusted agents (third parties). Some of the data are leaked and found in an unauthorized place (e.g., on the web or somebody’s laptop). The distributor must assess the likelihood that the leaked data came from one or more agents, as opposed to having been independently gathered by other means. We propose data allocation strategies (across the agents) that improve the probability of identifying leakages. These methods do not rely on alterations of the released data (e.g., watermarks). In some cases, we can also inject “realistic but fake” data records to further improve our chances of detecting leakage and identifying the guilty party. The idea of modifying the data itself to detect the leakage is not a new approach. Generally, the sensitive data are leaked by the agents, and the specific agent is responsible for the leaked data should always be detected at an early stage. Thus, the detection of data from the distributor to agents is mandatory. This project presents a data leakage detection system using various allocation strategies and which assess the likelihood that the leaked data came from one or more agents For secure transactions, allowing only authorized users to access sensitive data through access control policies shall prevent data leakage by sharing information only with trusted parties and also the data should be detected from leaking by means of adding fake record`s in the data set and which improves probability of identifying leakages in the system. Then, finally it is decided to implement this mechanism on cloud server.

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Parametric Study of Composite Steel-Concrete Beams with External Prestressing[ ]


The main purpose of the present paper is to investigate the effect of several important parameters on the behavior of external prestressed composite steel-concrete beams. ANSYS computer program (version 12.0) has been used to analyze the three dimensional model. The nonlinear material and geometrical analysis based on Incremental-Iterative load method, is adopted. These parameters include effect of compressive strength of concrete, effective prestressing stress to ultimate stress ratio, effective height to center of prestressing cables ,effect of external prestressing technique , type of loading, tendon profile, degree of interaction , ratio of thickness to width of concrete slab , using unsymmetrical I-steel beams ,effect of number of stiffeners and effect Full and Partial Interaction.

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DIGITAL IMAGE RESTORATION[ ]


Images may be degraded for many reasons for example, out-of-focus optics produce blurred images, and variations in electronic imaging components introduce noise. Reducing blur or noise or both in images is known as image restoration. Multi-channel blind image restoration recovers an original image from several blurred versions without any knowledge of the blur function. In many applications the image to be processed has a multi-channel nature; i.e., there are several image planes available, called channels with redundant as well as complementary information. Here we propose a multichannel blind restoration technique for linearly degraded images without the explicit knowledge of either the Point Spread Function (PSF) or the original image. The blurred noisy image is compressed using 8 by 8 blocks DCT and filtered using zonal filter.

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Design and Development of a Rectifier Stage Topology for µgrid[ ]


Microgrids (µ-grids) are new way of electrical systems consisting of distributed energy sources and sensitive loads. The subjective of operation is to distribute stable and quality electric power. As it is intricate for the use of a real µ-grid for laboratory project, development of a model that can be connected and utilized for nominal loads. The design and development of a new system configuration of the front-end rectifier stage for µ-grid is presented in this paper. First, the mathematical model of µ-grid is developed and this configuration allows the µ-grid to supply the load separately or simultaneously depending on the availability of the energy sources. Proposed hardware implementation involves Cuk-SEPIC fused converter, a cascaded multilevel inverter and a variable load. The inherent nature of this Cuk-SEPIC fused converter, additional input filters are not necessary to filter out high frequency harmonics. For extraction of maximum power from the Solar PV and wind an adaptive MPPT is used specifically a standard perturb and observe method is used for Solar PV Hardware and Simulation results will given the scope for the use of proposed Rectifier Stage Topology.

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Development of Acquisition of ECG during Treadmill Exercise[ ]


Exercise tolerance testing is an important diagnostic and prognostic tool for assessing patients with suspected or known ischaemic heart disease. During exercise, coronary blood flow must increase to meet the higher metabolic demands of the myocardium. Limiting the coronary blood flow may result in electrocardiographic changes. In this study hardware was developed for the acquisition of ECG during treadmill exercise. The ECG acquired was corrupted by motion artifacts as the subject was constantly moving. In order to obtain clean ECG, adaptive filtering technique was applied. An accelerometer was used to measure the acceleration signal of the vibrations or movement of the trunk as the reference inputs of the adaptive filter. The acquired real ECG and accelerometer data were simultaneously processed and analysed using the most widely used adaptive filtering algorithm, Least Mean Squares (LMS). The results show that the proposed method can be adapted to effectively reduce motion artifacts in stress or exercise ECG.

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Analysis of Regression Equation for Skeletal Muscle Mass using Bioimpedance Technique[ ]


Determination of skeletal muscle mass in the body helps to analyze the associated loss of strength in individuals. It can be used in the study and analysis of sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity which is now a global health problem. Although Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry can be used for the estimation they are expensive and the individual is subjected to small radiation exposure. The present study uses Bioelectrical Impedance method for estimation of Skeletal Muscle Mass using regression equations. 126 Indian subjects (age: 38±9 years) are measured for Skeletal Muscle Mass using the commercial body composition analyzer and validated against the developed Bioelectrical Impedance Measurement system. The results of the study show that there is a high degree of correlation and small error between these two methods.

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Design and Development of New Architecture for Reconfiguration and Processing of Automation Industrial Control System[ ]


In most Automation Industrial Process System, the processes such as manufacturing, processing, packaging etc. are performed with automation conveyor mechanism system with some particular processing pattern, If in real time there is need to use this same system to execute another process with some different modified processing pattern. There is a need of reconfiguration of the system to execute modified processing pattern. Traditionally to achieve this, new system has to be developed with new configuration, this will require programming expertise to meet modified processing pattern and are costly. So above problem taken into consideration, the design of a real time reconfigurable industrial system has been developed. The term ‘reconfigurable’ here indicates that the system consisting of various industrial machines and nodes can be configured to change its mode and sequence of operation, thus changing the work process. Such systems may be used in industries where a series of manufacturing operations and processes are implemented to obtain a finished product. Reconfiguration may be needed here to change the design or manufacturing process, to obtain or fulfill the requirements of another final product. To demonstrate the concept, a system resembling an industrial assembly line have been created, consisting of a conveyor belt mechanism and sensors with various other mechanisms operating alongside the conveyor over goods and objects being carried by the conveyor. To enable reconfiguration, new Motion Description Language Architecture (MDLA) schemes that allow the user to describe the set of processes and tasks in the form of a script that the machine understands have been proposed and designed, also developed Application Programming Interface (API) Graphical User Interface (GUI) based software where the user can write the scripts, which are then translated into MDL codes and sent to the machine which starts functioning accordingly.

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Recognizing Surgically Altered Face Images Using SIFT and LDA[ ]


we are currently witnessing a strong worldwide popular in plastic surgery. Plastic surgery is the process of reconstructing and repairing the part of the body by transfer of tissues. People take plastic surgery to correct feature defects and improve attractiveness. This paper focused on recognizing before and after plastic surgery face images. Nonlinear variation in plastic surgery is difficult task to recognize pre and post-surgery images. Linear Discriminant Analysis is proposed to match before and after plastic surgery images. The algorithm generates multiple face granules at three levels of granularity. Here SIFT is used as the feature extractor for extracting discriminating information from granules which unified in LDA. The proposed algorithm yields high identification accuracy and less time complexity as compared to existing algorithms.

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N-Dimentional Kaluza-Klein Barotropic Fluid Cosmological Model with Varying Gravitational Constant in Creation Field Theory of Gravitation[ ]


N-dimensional Kaluza Klein cosmological model with varying gravitational constant for barotropic fluid in creation field theory of gravitation have been investigated. To get the deterministic model of the universe, we assume that , where is a scale factor and is the constant. The solution of the field equations are obtained for in particular. Also the physical properties have been studied.

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Design Blimp Robot Based On Embedded System and Fuzzy Logic[ ]


Blimps robot with helium gas have main advantages, there will be no need of driving force. In this project we are going to present a low weight , embedded system based blimp unmanned Airship. Advantages of this project could be less energy consumption low noise and cost efficiency which could made them ideal for exploration of areas without Disturbing environment. In this project we are going to implement high resolution and advanced facilities with low weight camera for capturing the video or images depending on need basis. We are trying to use the Fuzzy controller for automatic control in air. We are going to facilitates blimp with obstacles avoidance. We are going to provide the stability of blimp system in air. We are providing the facilities for tracking the object on ground from the Aerial blimp system.

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A Mathematical Model for Predicting Absolute Wax Thickness Distribution In Wellbores and Flow Lines[ ]


Flow assurance governs the success of the fluid journey from reservoir to point of sale. Understanding this concept helps to ensure that any development plan—from exploration through abandonment—is technically viable and designed for optimal operations throughout the field's life. Flow assurance in sub-sea focuses on preventing solid deposits from blocking the flow path. The principal solids of concern are Wax and Hydrates, sometimes Scale and Asphaltenes can also be major threats to flow assurance that must be assessed by design teams. Controlling this solid deposits involves three main strategies; keeping the system pressure and temperature in a region where the solids are unstable (thermodynamic control) or controlling the conditions of solids formation so that deposit do not formed (kinetic control) or allowing solids to deposit, then periodically removing them (mechanical control).This research work is based on mechanical solid control strategies by developing a simple analytical model for predicting the absolute Wax thickness in a specified length of pipeline via the rheological properties of the flowing fluid. Apart from predicting wax thickness rate, this work can also be used to assess prevention and remediation strategies such as insulation effectiveness and pigging frequency during crude oil production.

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Effect of SOLID Design Principles on Quality of Software: An Empirical Assessment [ ]


Design is one of the important phases of software development life cycle, which has an impact on entire life cycle of the project. If the design is good then all other phases of Software development life cycle like coding, maintenance and support will be stress and hassle-free. The availability of lot of data has proved that designing has a significant role and it directly impacts the quality and performance requirements. The world of Agile Development today has led the developer to compete with the latest features and technologies in the market. However for the naïve users it is difficult to maintain the design quality if there are no standard guidelines available. The design quality is sometime depend on developer expertise and experience only, so we must have standard and proved design guidances to work. If the software design is in proper accordance with the principles and patterns then it can increase the software re-usability, maintainability and scalability. This research paper focuses on empirical analysis to prove the SOLID design principles guidelines by using a working prototype, applying the design principles to it and then evaluating the prototype by using different metrics.

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Request for Qoutation[ ]


An RFQ is a document that is utilized in the solicitation of price and delivery quotations, which meet least necessities for a precise amount of detailed merchandise and services. It is a document prepared by an organization, which triggers relations with potential contractors. Contractors respond to it after check and adhering to the qualifications and specifications of good and services required and the terms of service. It details the price, product quality, price and mode of desired payment.

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A Description of Non Linear Schrödinger Equation by Modified Exp-Function Method[ ]


In this paper, the modified exp-function method is used to obtain wave solutions of the Non Linear Schrödinger (NLS) equation and to construct a model for the nonlinear evolution of instability. As a result, some new types of exact wave solutions are obtained which include kink wave solutions, periodic wave solution, and solitary wave solutions. Obtained results clearly indicate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed modified exp-function method.

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A REVIEW OF DETECTING MYOCARDIAL ISCHEMIA[ ]


A systematic approach has been developed to detect boundaries of coronary artery. The features are fu rther processed. New combinations of algorithms are used. The various techniques are Edge detection techniques, Dynamic programming algorithm, clustering algorithm and Back propagation algorithms are used. These algorithms outputs are helpful for practitioner to detect the boundary and to predict the plaque region of coronary artery. The research results are beneficial and vital to practitioners to detect the elasticity of Intima-Media Thickness.

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Correlating Urban System and Hydrological system in context of Physical planning[ ]


Urbanization result in rapid development of landscape and housing leading to physical modification of habitats, which often results with degradation of the ability of ecosystems to maintain their structures and properties, thus providing ecosystem imbalances. An area when developed for housing or other urban purposes, the immediate hydrologic effect is to increase the area of low or zero infiltration capacity and to increase the efficiency or speed of water transmission in channels or conduits ( (D. &. Leopold 1978).

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Effect of Sodium Magnesium Silicate Nanoparticles on Rheology of Xanthan Gum Polymer[ ]


Polymer flooding is known for its ability to assist in enhancing oil displacement during tertiary recovery stage. Most EOR polymers degrade and lose their viscosifying abilities at high salinity and high temperature reservoir conditions (HSHT). Laboratory rheological study of Xanthan gum was carried out before and after incorporating with Sodium Magnesium Silicate under certain conditions (25 and 60 oC; salinity: 0, 3.4, 10, 15 and 20-wt % NaCl). Experimental results show that viscosity of these polymers is strongly affected by salinity, temperature and shear rates. Xanthan gum displays a strong thermal and salinity resistance at low, medium and high shear rates. It was also found that the viscosity solutions increased with addition of sodium magnesium silicate nanoparticles, and exhibit better shear resistance and enduring thermal stability at high salinity than ordinary xanthan gum.

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How to Prepare Input File of Reservoir Simulation by Using Reservoir Characterization[ ]


The most generally encountered and certainly the most challenging responsibility in reservoir engineering is the description of a reservoir, both accurately and efficiently. Most of enhanced oil recovery and secondary recovery projects fails due to inadequate and insufficient reservoir characterization and dealing with heterogonous reservoir. An accurate description of a reservoir is crucial to the management of production and efficiency of oil recovery. Reservoir characterization plays a very important role in descripting the storage and flow capacity of a reservoir and also plays a decisive role in reservoir simulation. The main objective of this research is on how to prepare a reservoir simulation input file accurately to receive an accurate output, in other to achieve this we most follow the following steps. Firstly by identifying the degree heterogeneity by using methods such as Lorenz Coefficient L_k and Dykstra-Parsons coefficient V_k, secondly by using existing and recognised techniques such as FZI or HFU, permeability group, DRT to estimate the different flow units and then classifying reservoir rocks (rock typing) in a petrophysical reliable manner using approaches such as RQI, FZI, DRT, winland R35 method and allocating properties to each rock type which will aid in estimating permeability for uncored wells. Finally in order to enhance the accuracy, a comprehensive analysis and comparison of all techniques is evaluated to predict the most accurate and more reliable method to be applied to any reservoir.

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Identification of potent VEGFR-2 Inhibitors of Angiogenesis through homology modeling, Structure based virtual screening, docking and molecular dynamics simulations[ ]


VEGFR-2 is a known protein target for antiangiogenic agents, was used in this study. In order to understand of the mechanisms of ligand binding and the interaction between the ligand and the VEGFR-2. A three-dimensional (3D) model of the VEGFR-2 is generated based on the crystal structure of the complex containing KIT and sunitinib (PDB code 3G0E) by using the Moduller9v11 software. With the aid of the MD simulation methods, the final refined model is obtained and is further assessed by SAVES server, which shows that the refined model is reliable. With this model, a flexible docking with screened compounds from Zinc database was performed by AutoDock in PyRx Virtual Screening tool. Ten lead molecules having better binding energy than query (Pazopanib). The binding interactions of compounds with active site of VP-3 model suggested that the amino acid residues (Glu13, Glu15, Leu57, Glu134, Cys136, Lys137, Gly215, Arg218, Asp 223, Arg247 and Tyr249) play a key role for drug design. The MD simulations were performed for VEGFR-2- Zinc14945139 (lead1) docking complex in NAMD v2.9. The Trajectory analysis showed docking complex and inter molecular interactions was stable throughout the entire production part of MD simulations. The predicted pharmalogical properties of best compounds, among them Zinc14945139 is well within the range of a drug molecule with good ADME profile. Hence, would be intriguing towards development of potent inhibitor molecule against VEGFR-2.

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Study the effect of spatial and temporal laser pulse profile on heating a semi-infinite target in spherical coordinates[ ]


The Laplace integral transform technique in spherical coordinates is used in solving the problem of heating a semi-infinite target induced by surface absorption of a spatial and temporal laser pulse profile. Mathematical expression for the temperature distribution in the target is obtained, considering the cooling, the temperature dependent absorption coefficient of the irradiated surface. As an illustrative example computations were carried out on a semi-infinite target of (Al) target.

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Quality Studies of Rainwater in Uyo Municipality, Nigeria[ ]


Some Uyo municipalities in Nigeria are facing environmental threats due to rainwater pollution cause by a new phase of several developments going on in the City. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the levels of heavy metals in the atmosphere to fically determine the rainwater composition and to provide a background for the chemical characteristics of rainwater in some selected Municipalities in Uyo. The rainwater samples were simultaneously collected from six locations which ranges from sample A to F, (A: Nwaniba by Nsikak eduok Junction, B: Ibom connection, C: Nepaline by Aka road, D: Nwaniba junction by Oron road, E: Ikpa junction by Ikot Ekpene road and F: Barracks road by CKS junction). Samples were collected in the rainy season period of April to August and analyzed for physicochemical and heavy metal parameters. The samples were analyzed using standard procedures and instruments which indicated the following ranges of results Pb <0.001 to 0.05 mg/L, Cd <0.001 to 0.05 mg/L, Fe 0.077 to 0.991 mg/L, SO42- 1.00 to 250 mg/L, PO43- 0.01 to 0.15 mg/L, SO3- 0.10 to 10.00 mg/L, temperature 27.70 to 28.90 0C, pH 5.90 to 6.80, alkalinity 32.00 to 500 mg/L, chloride 22.70 to 250 mg/L, DO 12.20 to 17.10 mg/L, BOD5 2.50 to 6.00 mg/L, total hardness 8.00 to 500 mg/Las CaCO3, suspended solids 10.00 to 500 mg/L, dissolved solids 0.04 to 1000.00 mg/Land total solids 10.04 to 1500 mg/L. In comparison of the results obtained with World Health Organization standard for potable water indicates that sample A, B, D and E are acidic while sample B, C, D, E and F contains excess concentration of Fe. The result of research shows that all the rainwater gotten from the sampling locations contains diverse forms of pollutant.

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An investigation in to future development and adoption of online payment systems[ ]


This article comprises the importance of E payment systems. E-payments is a sub category of e commerce in which a customer buys or sell things online by using a web page or any sort of platform. In general all sort of transactions which are done through internet are categorized as e-payments Different means are being used for the e payments. The use of e payment is being increased rapidly. There are different methods which are currently being used for the E-Payment. These methods include different sort of cards and electronic transfer. There has been a tremendous growth in E payment methods and more people are using such services. In the future there are many other methods are coming for the implementation of e payment and e commerce such as; smart cards, RFID and bitcoins.

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