Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2015 Edition

Publication for Volume 6, Issue 4, April 2015.

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Characterization of Abattoir Wastewater and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of the Wastewater Treatment Systems in Luna and Kera Abattoirs in Central Ethiopia[ ]


The objectives of this study were characterization of abattoirs wastewater and evaluation of the performance of their wastewater treatment system (WWTS). Samples from untreated effluents of Kera and Luna abattoirs, and treated effluent of Luna abattoir were examined using standard procedure over the duration of two months period of dry season. It was found that extremely high turbidity, color, TS, TSS, BOD5, COD, NH3-N, NO2--N, NO3--N, S-2, SO4-2, PO4-3, TP, FC, TC and FOG. As a result except temperature and pH, the levels of all these parameters of the raw wastewater did not comply with effluent discharge limit of the country. The values of most parameters measured were significantly higher for Kera abattoir than Luna abattoir, at 0.05 significant level of post Hoc ANOVA. The Luna abattoir lagoon, overall percentage removal of the above parameters were 56.67%, 63.22%, 63.77%, 88.68%, 91.59%, 90.91%, -743.08%, 84.33%, 97.7%, 40.76%, 89.19%, -117.43%, -11.43%, 50.41% , 36.30%, and 66.18% respectively which were also not complying with the Ethiopian EPA discharge limit. There is a need of establishment and improvement of abattoir wastewater treatment system, as well as an intervention of regulatory bodies to ensure discharging of high quality treated final effluents by the abattoir industries.

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Enzymatic mechanism during phytoextraction of heavy metals from fly ash amended soil[ ]


A pot culture experiment was carried out to study the phytoextraction potential of selected plant species, for remediation of fly ash contaminated soil. Plant species namely verbena speciosa, tagetes erecta, Cassia tora have been selected for the study. Fly ash samples were collected from coal based thermal power plants at gandhinagar from electrostatic precipitators. Soil samples were collected from Sabarmati river bed. Various physico-chemical parameters of fly ash and soil were conducted. Biomass and biochemical parameters of plants were studied for screening of plants for phytoextraction ability. Study of Photosynthetic pigment, protein content, antioxidative enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), Ascorbate peroxidase (APX), Catalase (CAT), Guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) was carried out in potential plant. Fly ash heavy metals may lead to oxidative stress which is a condition in which ROS or free radicals are generated extra- or intra-cellularly, which can exert their toxic effects to the cells. However, in cells antioxidant defense mechanisms is present to detoxify the harmful effects of ROS. The plant species were found in order verbena speciosa< tagetes erecta

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Images and Inverse images in the Category of Fuzzy groups[ ]


Ever since fuzzy sets were introduced by Lotfi Zadeh in the year 1965 [ 1 ], many algebraic structures were introduced by many authors . One such structure is fuzzy groups introduced in [ 2 ] and [ 3 ]. In [ 4 ] the authors introduced a novel definition of fuzzy group homomorphism between any two fuzzy groups and gave element wise characterization of some special morphisms in the category of fuzzy groups

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Connectivity Restoration in WSN Using Minimal Topology Changes[ ]


In wireless sensor networks, the efficiency mainly depends on the network connectivity among the nodes as well as coverage of the monitoring area. Failure of nodes due to technical faults or power exhaustion may disturb the existing connectivity by partitioning the network. Node replacement mechanisms are used based on the controlled mobility with the handling of node failures. The idea is to identify the critical nodes which cause the network partitioning and to designate the failure handlers for them suddenly after the network deployment of sensor nodes. To increase the network coverage by identifying the coverage holes and move the mobile nodes to a certain distance. The connectivity restoration process is done using the failure handler with identified movement distance. The effectiveness of the proposed approaches will be validated through simulation experiments.

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Renewable Energy Integration into Smart grid: Problems and Solutions Based on Indian Power Scenario[ ]


On account of unevenly distributed renewable resources with more than 72,422 MW installed capacity with an estimated potential of about 189,000 MW it is really a challenge to integrate the same into the smart grids in a country like India. Of course with major sources of generation being thermal, entire thrust has been put in recent years on the development of renewable resources so that it would run side by side to the conventional ones. At the same time vast assets created in transmission and distribution will also continue to be gainfully used.

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Explaining the Rights of Foreign Citizens Based on Social Justice: An Analytical Study[ ]


The form of relationships between persons and government is basically recognizable under various terms such as vassal, national or citizen and the quality and quantity of mutual rights and duties of persons and government are also evaluable based on this term. One of the legal resources of public rights and freedoms in Iran is the constitutional law. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and international covenants can be count as resources. The public freedoms of Iranian citizens is explained as "Rights of Nation" from 19th to 42th articles of constitutional law of Islamic Republic of Iran. In recent centuries, foreign citizens have been entered and resided in Iran due to growing the communication technologies and special geographical and strategic position of Iran in the middle east, such as linking to warm waters of Persian Gulf and Oman sea and having long borders with critical points of the region (e.g., Afghanistan, Iraq, etc). This, in turn, has led to emerge social and security problems. The legal residents with foreign citizenship must have personal, legal and human securities, which declared in the law. By studying the laws in the current research, it was found that the legal residents with foreign citizenship have not enjoyed the equality against law and the current form of citizenship law is not satisfied the current demands and hence, it should be revised. Entering the foreign people to a country, due to any reason, would have political, security, economical, cultural, and geographical and population morphological effects. Particularly, if they were admitting regardless of facilities and demands of the society, the adverse effects induced by presence of them on the vital factors of the country would be more intensive and irrecoverable.

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Computerized Librificated Electronics Engineering Laboratories: An attractive scheme for skill development[ ]


With the growth of Electronics and Computer Science as major demanded fields in this era, the libraries are being digitalized frequently to join the steps of the running, growing and developing world of knowledge and education as well as Science and technology all for the enhancement of the convenience, due to which proper trained and skilled hands are under being required, increasing the scope in this field, in return expanding the demand of library and its technologies in other fields like Computer Science for software etc, Electrical & Electronics engineering tools, circuits, kits, equipments along with the documents, manuals etc to be operated in their respective laboratories in the same way as books, theses, journals etc are in general libraries, for the convenience and skill improvement of students in technical institutes and laboratories in much attractive and efficient way.

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A Novel Approach for Range Enhancing Energy Harvester (REACH) Mote Passive Wake-Up Radios For Wireless Networks[ ]


In recent world, the wireless sensor networks are used intensively in many applications fields, these are used by scientific researchers to improve and accelerate the performance features of networks. The designs are very challenging and are sustainable, on the above these energy- dependent sensors are relied to run for long periods. These Sensor nodes are usually battery-powered and thus have very shorter lifetime. Here this paper, introduces a improved approach for wake-up radio devices called REACH (Range Enhancing Energy Harvester) Mote in place of general sensor nodes, here these nodes use the energy harvesting circuit in combination with an ultra-low-power pulse generator to activate and wake-up the motes in the wireless network.

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A Review: CMOS Based Adders[ ]


Addition is representative of many arithmetic processing operations that must be carried out in portable digital systems, and the speed and power consumption trade-offs in adder hardware are of interest to portable digital system designers. Adders are commonly found in the critical path of many building blocks of Microprocessor and digital signal processor chips. A fast and accurate operation of digital system is greatly influenced by the performance of resident adders. Adders are key components in digital design; performing not only addition operations but also many other functions such as subtraction, multiplication and division. Adders of various bit-widths are frequently required in Very Large-scale Integrated Circuits (VLSI) from processors to Application specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs).In this paper different types of 8- bit adders are analyzed.

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A Comprehensive Survey on Data Mining Techniques to Extent Intrusion Detection System[ ]


Information security is most important work in current environment. Internet is widely using in each corner of the world. So to protect the data from unauthorized access effective intrusion detection system have to implement. To improve the accuracy and decrease the false alarm rate of intrusion detection system we are applying data mining techniques. The main objective of data mining technique to retrieve the data from huge data set and convert into understandable structure so that it can be use in future also. So in this paper various data mining techniques such as clustering, classification and association rules are explained that are being used for such purpose to be useful for analyzing network traffic. Positive points and negative points of data mining techniques are discussed in this paper.

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Study of Ground Water Quality in Industrial Zone of Kakkalur industrial Estate, Thiruvallur,Tamil Nadu[ ]


Water quality of 7 bore wells and 3 lakes water samples representing 10 localities around the Kakkalur industrial Estate, Thiruvallur was studied for a period of four months from November-2014 to February-2015 to assess the suitability of the bore well water for domestic purposes. This study of bore well water and lake water contamination will be of immense help to researcher’s and environmental regulators to evolve and initiate mitigative measures. Studies have been carried out to identity the parameters of contamination and their distribution with the help of the existing bore wells and lake water have been analyzed for 11 parameters. The major general contaminants found exceeding standards are hardness, alkalinity, pH, dissolved salts, chlorides, Ca, Mg, SO4, and turbidity. However the bore wells containing the parameters exceeding the limit were found highly isolated presence of chlorides and hardness, thus by initiating measures to be control local stretches. Combination of parameters exceeding limit varied from bore well to lake water and bore well to bore well.

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Example Based Machine Translation Using Various Soft-Computing Techniques Review[ ]


This paper focus on the various techniques involved in machine translation (MT).The various techniques involved in machine ignore many aspects when they generate natural language processing (NLP). An optimization technique was one of the major tools for many years in the formulation and solution of computational problems arising in speech and language processing. One of the methods, phrase-based SMT consists of three steps: segmentation of source sentences into a sequence of phrases, translation of each source phrase to a target phrase; and reordering of target phrases into target sentences. Further a Fuzzy Inference system model is used selecting the optimal features from speech vectors. The most fundamental problems in the field of machine learning are Feature selection. Fuzzy logic plays the major role in approximate reasoning. It has the ability to deal with different types of uncertainty, the implementation of the theory to real life problems. A linguistic variable, as its name suggests, is a variable whose values are not numbers but words or sentences in a natural language. Convex optimization problems are formulated and solved, with analytical formulas derived for training the ensemble-learning parameters. The result shows that above mentioned techniques were effective to certain limit which have not yield the proper translation in case of NLP. Thus this paper proposes an idea for under the heading “example based translation using soft-computing tool” like fuzzy logic implementation to yield successful NLP.

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Electric Power Transmission and Distribution Losses Overview and Minimization in Pakistan[ ]


Availability of electric power has been the most powerful source for assisting economic, industrial and social developments of any state. Electric power is transferred by means of transmission lines which deliver bulk of power from generating stations to load centers and consumers. Studying the various types of loses uncounted during electrical transmission .The losses are either Technical losses or Non-technical Losses. The technical losses consist of the Corona loss, Joule effect, Magnetic Losses and skin effect. While the Non-technical (commercial ) losses include, theft of electricity, vandalism to electrical substations, poor meter reading, poor accounting and record keeping, etc. For electric power to get to the final consumers in proper form and quality, transmission and distribution losses along the lines must be reduced to the barest minimum.

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ECG Trace Digitization Using Image Processing Techniques[ ]


Some of the image processing techniques are developed for an electrocardiogram (ECG) feature extraction and signal regeneration as a digital time series signal. In general the ECG is recorded on a thermal paper which cannot be stored for a long time, because thermal trace over time becomes erased gradually. Some hospitals are saving the ECG thermal papers as scanning images in the electronic equipments (like computers) to maintain medical records, but this method needs to high memory capacity, and use less scanning resolution that gives signal accuracy is less at preview. The main aim of this paper is to extract the 12-lead ECG signals from the thermal paper and converting it to a digital time series signals. Feature extraction and the digital time series signal were tested on 30 of 12-lead ECG paper records from the MIT-BIH arrhythmia database, and the accuracy was between 96.31% and 98.25%. Evaluation of the proposed method for ECG feature extraction was done by comparing the obtained values with manual data and this method offered an accuracy of 98.06%. In addition can be using features extraction to perform an automatic heart disease classification using one of the artificial intelligence methods.

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Artificial Neural Networking Model an Approach for the Coagulation Properties of Milk[ ]


The analysis and sequence of some technological parameters and milk coagulation properties (MCP) of Holstein Friesian dairy cows have been studied in the present research article. The milk samples have been collected from a local farm’s at Pelagonia region, Republic of Macedonia and the experimental work was conducted in the laboratories of the Faculty of biotechnical sciences, R. Macedonia and Tabuk University, KSA. The study illustrates the MCP of cow’s milk as well as the effect of milk urea nitrogen level and pH on the coagulum development. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of raw milk samples and after rennet addition also has been studied. All the said results/parameters have been compared with the soft computing approach so called artificial neural networking model, and the predictions of soft computing (ANN) model’s outcomes were found in a good agreement with the experimental data.

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Robust Prediction for Intra and Inter-Handoff (RPIIH) Process[ ]


The overall performance of mobile nodes is mainly affected by the relatively considerable time spent in the handoff process. Most of the time spent is mainly consumed during the authentication process. This process could be even longer especially when the Access Points (AP’s) are busy, which results in delays and/or packets loss. Many handoff techniques have been proposed to shorten the time of authentication however to-date, they have not been fully successful.

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Critical failure factors affecting Projects Performance of Multinational Project Teams in Telecom industry[ ]


The research on the topic of Projects failures and success was conducted on a generalize approach that covers all types of Projects and factors which are normally discussed in broader-spectrum. The focus of this research study has been on the Telecom Market of Pakistan and goes on to explore the failures taking place in various executed projects. Identification of the failures will ultimately lead to the designing of a model which if adopted can minimize the chances of failures in any project. In the study the emphasis has been both on the local teams working on the project and the ones which are being managed remotely.

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The Digitalization of the Walking Stick for the Blind[ ]


Blindness is a state of lacking the visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors. In this project, a simple intuitive blind navigation system is designed and implemented to improve the mobility and safety of blind people during their travels. The prototype includes a wearable glove to help the blind person to navigate alone safely and to avoid any obstacles that may be encountered, whether fixed or mobile, to prevent any possible accident. The main component of this system is the ultrasonic sensor which is used to scan a direction by emitting reflecting ultrasound waves. The reflected ping received from the obstacle is inputted to the microcontroller which is used to determine the distance of the object from the user. This distance then gets outputted by a vibrating motor which vibrates with more intensity as the obstacle gets closer. The current prototype is effective in terms of eliminating the use of a cane and also making it less embarrassing for the user to travel without being noticed.

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Carbon Stocks of Pure Cedrus Deodara Forest In Kumrat Valley,Dir Upper,KPK,Pakistan[ ]


The study The Present study was carried out in pure Cedrus Deodara forest of Kumrat Valley Dir Kohistan. The study was aimed to calculate biomass (t ha-1) and carbon stock (t ha-1) in the above and below ground biomass. Overall, 32 sample plots were laid out. The size of each plot was 0.1 ha. In each sample plot stem density(t ha-1) tree diameter(cm),tree height (m),stem volume(m3ha-1),stem biomass(t ha-1),total tree biomass(t ha-1) and total carbon stock (t ha-1) was calculated. The result of the present study showed that average tree density was 238 trees ha-1. Average stem volume was measured as 1839.41 (m3ha-1).The mean stem biomass was 857.40 (t ha-1).The mean total tree biomass was estimated 1281.26 (t ha-1).The calculated carbon in above and below ground biomass of Cedrus Deodara forest was 640.63 (t ha-1).

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Chemical and Electrochemical synthesis for some Metal Complexes of 6-Phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile Derivatives[ ]


A new metal Chelates of 6-Phenyl-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (HL1) and its derivatives, 6(4-Methylphenyl)-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (HL2), 6(4-Chlorophenyl)-2-thioxo-1,2-dihydropyridine-3-carbonitrile (HL3) were prepared and yields complexes of the compositions [M(L)2.(H2O)2] and [M(L)2.(acetone)(H2O)], where M = Cu(II), Co(II), Ni(II) and L is the ligand. Chemical analysis, infrared as well as thermal analysis are presented to confirm the formulation of the complexes. The spectral data show that the ligands are coordinated to the metal via the thioenol sulfur atom and the nitrogen atom of cyano groups.

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An Economic Assessment of Nigeria’s Smart Phone Data Bundle Consumption, Subscriber Resource Constraints, and Dynamics. The Case of Abuja & Lagos States.[ ]


This paper examines ways in which smart phone data consumption trends influence demand for airtime data bundles. A model of subscriber response to economic and technical stimuli, conditional on cybernomic and subscriber characteristics, is developed. Three years of survey data, gathered from subscribers of data and voice bundles to evaluate the model empirically. Single SIM smartphones, subscribers are responsive to relative Data Bundle prices and Airtime volume discounts. However, different Data Bundle packages elicit different responses. In particular, some data sharing takes place primarily through subscriber-substitution and intensified smartphone use, while changes in tariff or volume discounts for subscribers having dual SIM smartphones induces frequent and spontaneous network migration. Subscriber and public power constraints bind at different points for different data bundles demand. These results suggest that because multiple data/voice bundle platform interact, subscriber smartphone response coefficient must have multiple strands in order to replace incentives to further bundle demands.

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The effect of Garlic treatment on Concentrating Temperature, Potassium Sorbate, Proximate Composition and Sensory properties of Tomato Paste[ ]


Campbell 37 variety of fresh tomato was investigated. These were concentrated at different temperatures of 50OC and 70OC to produce tomato paste. During the concentration to produce paste, garlic at 0.1%w/w, 0.2%w/w and 0.3%w/w concentration and 0.02 and 0.05 potassium sorbate were added. After the production of the tomato paste (treated and the control samples) the proximate analysis was determined. The moisture content of the samples concentrated at 50OC was significantly higher than those of the samples concentrated at 70OC thus, having a moisture content range of 78.19% - 78.67% when compared to the 70OC which is 76.13% - 76.74%. Protein content of the 70OC (11.14-11-20%) concentrated temperature is significantly higher than the protein content of the 50OC (10.67-10.79%) concentrated samples. The ash content of the sample at 50OC treated with 0.1%w/w KS and 0. 2%w/w KS has no significant difference at (P < 0.05). The same trend was observed on the sample at 70OC which are 9.14% and 9.17%. The sensory properties of the samples were evaluated using trained panelist at 9 points hedonic scale. The sample concentrated at 700C, has a low score in the appearance. Potassuim sorbate at both concentration of 0.2 and 0.5 did not affect the aroma and flavour of the sample. Garlic affected the aroma and hence the low score at 700C concentration.

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Performance Analysis of Linear Quadratic Regulator Controller Design Techniques for Optimal Servomotor Speed Control[ ]


Time-delays in servomotor speed control arise from inherent time-delays in its state variables or from deliberate introduction of delays into the system for control purposes. Due to the wide application of servomotors in many industrial processes, control of speed is a vital issue and has been of research interest for decades. This heuristic paper therefore presents performance analysis of Linear Quadratic Regulator controller and comparison of its time response matrices in open and closed loop model in servomotor speed control application. The aim is to show that the closed-loop servomotor has better speed control performance rather than its open-loop. It will be shown that Linear Quadratic Regulator method gives better performance, such as steady state error, settling time and overshoot. MatLab/Simulink software will be used to implement all simulations.

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Key Generating Cryptosystem[ ]


Key Generating Cryptosystem helps to secure the files by generating the public or master key(secret key) pair randomly after account is created in the server by the owner in the Cloud database. Data owner will encrypt the data, public key and data index & then upload it in the Cloud Server. Data owner Generates Aggregate Decryption Key (ADK) using the master-secret key, Data owner can share the data to other users by sending its ADK through E-mail securely. Original Data can be downloaded by the user only after the Verification of ADK. Data Owner will encrypt the file, public key and index into an image called Steganography to the cloud. Image is Splitted using Merkle Hash Tree Algorithm in Cloud. User will send the Request to Data Owner; if Data Owner is interested to share the file then he will share the ADK & Public Key to the User. After the user receive that mail then he/she will give their User Name, password, user Public Key, Data Owner’s Public Key & Aggregate Decryption Key to the Cloud to download the encrypted file.

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Activity Recognition Using Filtering Algorithm[ ]


This paper inspect the trouble in recognition of exercise and also discover the burned calories after exercise. Our topic and motive of research to detect a problem, how walking, jogging and running effect on the human body using personalize algorithms. Pedometer is a device which is used to count the step while walking. This device may be used as a hardware device which attached with the body or may hold on body like in hand and count the steps. Every person have different way of walking and also difference in step distance, an informal calibration, performed by the user. An accelerometer is a device that measures proper acceleration. It is not necessary that accelerometer always measure a proper acceleration for each coordinate acceleration But the benefit of this research, it remotely observe the moves, calories and find accurate results in jogging and running. There are specific algorithm used for finding the difference between the jogging and running, and detect the burned calories. Whole research performed in MATLAB platform. This platform is very reliable and flexible to use.

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A Survey on Various Facial Expression Techniques[ ]


Human Action and Expression plays a vital role for the recognition of faces in various applications. Since various technique are implemented for the recognition of various facial expressions. But here in this paper a complete survey of all these techniques implemented for facial expression is analyzed and discussed here so that on the basis of their various advantages and limitations a more improved and efficient technique is implemented in future. The proposed methodology implemented in future can be compared on the basis of number of facial features extracted and their accuracy of recognition.

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