Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018 Edition


Publication for Volume 9, Issue 1, January 2018.

IJSER Research Group https://www.ijser.org/forum/index.php Register for IJSER Research Forum      IJSER Xplore IJSER Xplore Research Paper Database
Pages   [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]
 

Influenza immunization strategies by family doctors to improve primary care[ ]


The main public health strategy for containing influenza-related disease is annual vaccination, which is recommended for the elderly and others belonging to risk-factor categories, who present the highest morbidity and mortality. In this review we discuss history of immunization and improvement strategies of influence immunization in primary care. A computerized search was performed using following databases (Embase, Medline, Web-of- Cochrane, CINAHL) on November, 2017. Searching evidence discussing the Influenza immunization strategies by family doctors.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Roles of family doctor in improving patient’s safety in primary care[ ]


In this paper, we describe results of two modified online Delphi approaches to achieve consensus on the most effective strategies to improve patient safety. We conducted a search through electronic databases; PubMed, and EMBASE, for studies published in English language thought instant to 2017. Studies discussing the Roles of family doctor in improving patient’s safety in primary care. As part of the wider primary healthcare structure, primary care is a solution at the entrance to the healthcare system

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of management approaches of acute tonsillitis diagnosis in primary care[ ]


Due to the difficulty of accurate diagnosis in primary, there exist a number of controversial areas and non-standardised practice. These will be highlighted within this article. A comprehensive literature search strategy was performed by an electronic search of the databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, and the Cochrane Library (The Cochrane Register of Clinical Trials) for relevant studies that were published up to December, 2017Acute tonsillitis is to be a clinical diagnosis.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of airways management (intubation) in facial trauma patients[ ]


Management of the airway is a major problem in patients with maxillofacial trauma because a compromised airway could lead to death. The approach of intubation to use in these patients remains a debatable topic and we review the management and intubation strategies. We conducted computerized search among electronic databases; EMBASE, COCHRANE and MEDLINE for literature available in the databases to December, 2017 using the following search term including variants: “facial trauma”, “intubation”, “Management”.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of management strategies of Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis[ ]


Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is a wide definition that describes a clinically heterogeneous group of arthritis’s of unknown reason, which onset before 16 years of age. The most important new management methods and diagnosis has been discussed in this review of the biologic medications.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of necrotizing pancreatitis surgical resection[ ]


When infection of pancreatic or extrapancreatic necrosis occurs, surgical approach constitutes the most accepted therapeutic option. In this review we discuss surgical approach and type of access for necrosectomy. A search of literature through databases; MIDLINE, and EMBASE was conducted to identified related articles to our concerned topic (Surgical management of necrotizing pancreatitis) that were published up to December 2017.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Review of consequences of pulmonary artery aneurysm[ ]


PAAs are rare, Congenital heart illness and pulmonary hypertension are the leading reasons in the present era. Rupture and PA dissection can take place. BD is the most common cause of PAA secondary to vasculitis. Imaging such as computed tomography with contrast is helpful in making a medical diagnosis and for follow-up. PAA in BD is a significant complication and needs to be managed quickly to prevent complications of PAA.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of diagnosis procedures of tuberculosis[ ]


Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) continues to be a important public health problem, which reinforced the need for rapid diagnostic improvements and new modalities to detect TB and drug-resistant TB, as well as to improve TB control. Standard guidelines and recent advances for diagnosing pulmonary TB are summarized in this review. PubMed and Embase were searched for eligible studies that discussing the diagnosis and management approaches of tuberculosis up to November 2017. Despite continuous effort in monitoring and therapy of tuberculosis, the disease stays a significant public health issue.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Primary care challenges and effort HPV vaccine: Review[ ]


The present review was conducted to review the evidence in which HPV vaccination can be effective and monitored by family physicians in primary care. Four databases were selected to ensure a comprehensive review of the literature: PubMed, EMBASE, Ovid, and the Cochrane Review. On January 25, 2017, a total of 9 different queries were used for each engine: (1) “Human papillomavirus” (2) “Vaccine” (3) “Adolescent” (4) “Mixed methods research”.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of Salicylate poisoning management in emergency department[ ]


Salicylate toxicity continues to be seen in the emergency department as a result of unintended consumptions or suicide efforts. A high index of suspicion is essential, with timely acknowledgment of clinical signs and symptoms of salicylate poisoning, such as ringing in the ears, hyperventilation, tachycardia, and metabolic acidosis. Early treatment can prevent organ damage and death. Principles of treatment include stabilizing the ABCs as required, limiting absorption, improving elimination, fixing metabolic problems, and offering encouraging care.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of parastomal hernia surgical repair[ ]


Parastomal hernia is a prevalent issue and treatment could pose difficulties due to significant rates of recurrence and morbidities of the repair. In this review we discuss the existing requirement of care is to perform parastomal hernia repair with mesh whenever possible. There exist several alternatives for mesh reinforcement (biologic and synthetic) in addition to surgical strategies, to include type of repair (keyhole and Sugarbaker).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of management procedure of acute Appendicitis[ ]


Appendicitis is the most normal indicator for abdominal surgery in children and make up a considerable proportion of procedure-related expenses within the degree of pediatric surgical strategy. Regardless of the high event as well as substantial source use gotten in touch with appendicitis in children, there is a lack of arrangement surrounding the perfect timing of appendectomy when it concerned opening danger and also post-operative problem rates.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Diagnosis of valvular heart disease in primary care[ ]


In this review we discuss importance of early detection of valvular heart disease by primary care physicians and diagnostic test methods in primary care. This narrative review was performed using electronic medical databases; PubMed, Embase, and Google scholar, searched was targeting relevant studies concerned with management of valvular heart disease in primary care published up to 2017.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BCI Technology Ethically Misuse in the Society[ ]


Brain control interface (BCI) technology is a device that controls the brain activities, its work with electroencephalogram (EEG) technology. BCI control the natural brain activities and simulate on computer interface. The basic purpose of BCI‟s device is medical treatment of mental sick person. BCI Technology used in medical, non-medical and military applications. It is use for treatment of different disease alike psychological problem and spinal cord injuries.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Review Paper Of iSecure[ ]


The main aim of this research paper is to gives a review of the whole product with purpose, scope, definitions, references and diagram. The point of this article is to accumulate and break down and give a top to bottom knowledge of the entire iSecure Mobile Application by characterizing the issue explanation in detail. On the other hand, that additionally focuses concerning the services required with the aid of users or their wishes even as defining high-level manufacture features. The detailed requirements concerning the iSecure Mobile Application are supplied in this paper. This article should give acceptable a point by point review about iSecure project, its parameters and also objectives. This article describes the research work of the project and the final outcomes of the project. It defines how iSecure audience pleasure to sees the product yet its functionality

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Speech as a human activity[ ]


This paper focuses on speech as a human activity. It also aims at examining two types of communication: verbal (or spoken) and non-verbal. Verbal communication is performed in four types of oral activity: listening, speaking, reading and writing. They are the basic subject matters of foreign language teaching.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Juxtapose of software maintenance activities in industry and literature[ ]


Software maintenance is modification in software products after delivers it to the customer in order to correct faults, to improve performance or other attributes or to adopt in a modified Envoirment. This industrial survey defines the software maintenance in literature and in the industry.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Conversion of Fruit to Battery[ ]


Batteries are device that store chemical energy and convert it to electrical energy, so using fruit as battery acts like a wet cell that consists of a negative and positive electrode with an electrolyte which conducts ions, also, copper and zinc metals acts as electrodes while citric acid of the fruit is the electrolyte. Fruits battery comprises of the combination of different materials which are the copper penny (coin), galvanized nail, multimeter, alligator clips, connecting wires and light emitting diode (LED) bulb, by which all connected together make up the fruit battery used to light up a LED bulb.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Challenging aspects Of Uniform Civil Code In India[ ]


Part IV of the Constitution of India contains the Directive Principles of State Policy. In spite of the fact that these principles are non-enforceable yet are crucial in the administration of the nation. One such principle is given under Article 44 of the Constitution which makes an obligation on the state to establish a Uniform Civil Code. Throughout the years different directions have been issued by the Judiciary for its execution. Be that as it may, because of exorbitant politicization it is as yet a far off dream. India being a diverse nation with different people governed by their own personal laws it is at times, difficult to provide justice equally to the different people governed by their different personal laws. The need of great importance is to authorize a Uniform Civil Code yet that ought to be done gradually and steadily subsequent to making the general population particularly the minorities, understand about its scope and extent.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Effect of different bleaching agents on various knit fabrics[ ]


Bleaching agents play a vital role to remove the natural color and induce absorbency to the cellulosic cotton fibre. In this research work different bleaching agents are used like- Hydrogen per oxide (H202), Sodium hypo chlorite (NaClO), Sodium Chlorate (NaOCl2) and Sodium bisulphate (NaHSO3) on Single jersey, Rib and Pique fabric to investigate effect on Whiteness Index, color difference and at last cost also considered. To the end better outcome is observed for Hydrogen per oxide (H202).

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
To Evaluate The Management Competencies of Female Entrepreneurs in Dhaka City[ ]


Woman’s empowerment is an important part of development for a developing country like Bangladesh. The sustainable development is impossible without including women. At present entrepreneurship is very popular among women in Bangladesh. Due to proper education and knowledge on managing skills women were behind. The aim of this study is to analysis and evaluate competencies practiced by female entrepreneurship. This study is a quantitative in nature. A survey was conducted and a convenient sampling technique was applied to collect data. Variable s for management competencies were taken from literature review and evaluated from the responses of one hundred and thirty-five female entrepreneurs.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A rare case of elephantosis nostras verrucosa[ ]


Elephantiasis nostras verrucosa (ENV) is a rare condition that is characterised by hyperkeratosis, fibrosis and disfiguration of dermis. It is caused mostly by non infectious diseases such as surgery, trauma, tumors, and venous obstructions. There are very few report of ENV in Middle East region and her we present one case about it.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
The Effets of Energy Theft on Climate Change and Its Possible Prevention Using Smart Meters: Case Study Nigeria[ ]


It has been indirectly re-echoed that electricity consumption is positively related to the growth of a nation and is therefore a key factor in everyday life that has formed the backbone of Industrialisation. With the ever increasing need for electricity, power theft increases like a plague. 70% of the Green House Gas (GHG) emissions come from fossil fuel combustion from electricity generation. Despite efforts to curtail GHG emissions, energy theft dwarfs these efforts in the developing economies.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Digital signal processors (DSP) and 3G Mobile Communication System[ ]


Digital signal processing is performed by mathematical operations. Digital Signal Processors are microprocessors specifically made for digital signal processing tasks. These devices have an enormous growth during the last decade, are used in everything from mobile phones to advanced scientific instruments. In fact, hardware engineers use "DSP" to mean Digital Signal Processor, just as algorithm developers use to mean "DSP" Digital Signal Processing. DSP has become a key component in many consumers, communications, medical and industrial products.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Prevalence and Risk Factors of diabetes Mellitus among Medina Population[ ]


Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) defined as a group of metabolic disorders which threatens to reach pandemic levels by 2030[1]. The most common form is Type 2. Many factors have been found to increase the risk of having type 2 diabetes. Thus, we conducted this study to identify the prevalence and factors that affect the progression of diabetes mellitus among Medina population.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Case Report[ ]


Pleomorphic adenomas are the most common benign tumor of the major salivary glands. In addition, they may also occur in the minor salivary glands of the hard and soft palate. We present a rare case of pleomorphic adenoma of the nasal septum which adenomas are unusual and may be misdiagnosed.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
An Efficient Signcryption for Multicopy Dynamic Data Security in Cloud Computing[ ]


Cloud Computing ensures various users to share information or resources over internet. Since the information or data can be shared over internet hence various security issues can be implemented for the prevention this issues. Hence various techniques are implemented for the security of records in public and private clouds. Here a well-organized procedure is implemented based on the concept of signcryption method. The Proposed method implemented here provides security, well as provides load balancing monitoring at the virtual machines and message verification. provides less computational time and data security. The Idea is to create a number of dynamic multiple encrypted copies using Signcryption and then Send these Encrypted Copies over Secure Channel to Cloud Service Provider which is then Stored at multiple Data Centers. The Authorized Users can then Access these Copies from the Data Centers and uses the Decryption key to decrypt the data.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A Study on the Drivers Affecting the Implementation of Green Supply Chain Management[ ]


Green supply chain management has developed as an essential hierarchical logic to decrease ecological dangers. The aim of the article is to introduce the components that influence the executions of green production network administration utilizing an Interpretive Structural Modeling (ISM) system. There are external and internal variables that influence the greening of a supply chain. Making green supply chains come about because of a want to consider this idea inside the organization as well as its association with nature. Certification of suppliers’ environmental management frameworks is a standout amongst the most critical factor for greening the supply chain. Environmental collaboration with customers and suppliers can also encourage the greening the supply chain. The greening supply chain has relied upon the environmental practices within the organizations. The various drivers of green supply chain management (GSCM) are identified based on the GSM literature and on consultations with experts in the industry.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Treatment of Municipal Wastewater by using Electro-coagulation at Gharbyia Govenorate, Egypt[ ]


The treatment of wastewater has become necessity. An innovative effective and cheap method of purifying and cleaning wastewater before discharging into any other water systems is needed. A wide range of wastewater treatment techniques are known which include biological processes and physicochemical processes. A techniques based on electrochemical technology are being developed and improved to reduce less chemical additions. The present study was conducted to investigate the applicability of the electro-coagulation technique for the treatment of municipal wastewater at Gharbyia governorate. Electro-coagulation is the process of passing an electrical current through a liquid, using anode and cathode. In present study iron and aluminum electrodes are used and the sample is made up to run at different retention time i.e., 10, 20,30,40 , 50 and 60 minutes and different applied electricity current is passed in the liquid (0.15, 0.30 , 0.40A). The study found that, the domestic wastewater showed that only current(C) and retention time (t) have correlation with each other. It observed that the batch which is operated at 0.30 A for 60 minutes has maximum removals efficiency of COD, BOD, TSS, and oil & grease.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of ultrasound in pregnancy benefits and complications[ ]


Ultrasound assumed as a very safe and riskless screening, in this review we discuss the benefits, as well as negative aspects of US and risk factors. We performed comprehensive search using biomedical databases; Medline, and Embase, for studies concerned with ultrasound in pregnancy assessment published with English language up to, October 2017.The sounds waves utilized in standard ultrasound scans are unknowned to be dangerous to either mother or child. However, ultrasound can be harmful if it finds unclear outcomes or abnormalities. This can make individuals feel anxious and worried and might also indicate that more evaluations are needed. These extra examinations can be intensive and sometimes have severe effects that are difficult for the parents-to-be to cope with. But the ultrasound scan can also give the impression that the unborn child is developing normally even though it does have health problems. The expectant parents falsely assume that their baby is healthy. It could after that be quite a shock if their kid is born fully unexpectedly with serious health problems or anomalies. Furthermore, not all scan results are clear and not all problems that are identified during an ultrasound evaluation can be treated. This can be unsettling, difficult to manage and require difficult decisions to be made. If there are indications that the unborn child might be physically or mentally disabled, the concern of whether to abort or continue the pregnancy could occur. This can lead to internal conflict.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of Plate Osteosynthesis for different bones fractures[ ]


The purpose of this article is to provide a brief overview of the history of plate as it relates to the development of the latest minimally invasive surgical techniques. Keywords: Internal fixation, plate, surgical techniques. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of related studies to Plate Osteosynthesis for different bones fractures, through database, PubMed (Midline) to the period of December 2017, using Mesh terms as following; Plate Osteosynthesis, bones fractures. The concepts of 'biological fixation' continue to evolve. New plate designs and plating techniques will possibly contribute to improved rates of fracture union, reduced rates of infection, and reduced occurrences of postoperative complications. Future fundamental and clinical studies will additionally identify the usefulness of and indicators for these methods. Biological osteosynthesis with conservation of the vascularity of the bone fragments by indirect reduction and less invasive implants results in an improvement in bone recovery which can be proven histomorphologically Dynamic plate osteosynthesis is a good choice for the stabilization of certain tibial and femoral fractures. It is an important option to intramedullary nailing, especially for distal fractures close to the joint. Management of fractures complicated by localized osteoporosis in the existence of nonunion presents a peculiar scenario in resource-poor countries. Orthopedic surgeons in developing countries have to come out with solutions as they are daily confronted with these problems.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Overview of low birth weight and developmental milestones[ ]


In this review we discuss incidence and consequence of low birth weight and it is also one of the reasons for preterm birth and developmental milestones, which can lead to death. MIDLINE, Google Scholar, and EMBASE databases were comprehensively searched for low birth weight and developmental milestones related articles published before to December 2017. Low birth weight (LBW) is among the main predictors of infant mortality. There are many known risk aspects, the most essential of which are socio-economic factors, medical risks prior to or during gestation and maternal way of lives. Nevertheless, although interventions exist to avoid many of these aspects prior to and while pregnant, the occurrence of LBW has not decreased. The first years of development are important for long-lasting learning and development. Milestones follow predictable courses in infants and kids, and later developmental skills build on previous ones achieved. Understanding normal development is essential for the pediatrician to be able to recognize delayed development. Developmental screening identifies developmental delays at a time period where official assessment and intervention would be beneficial. Kids with worldwide developmental delay have delays in several domains of development, while children with particular delay may have a delay in only one region of development such as language or motor skills.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Asthmatic attack management in primary care by family doctors[ ]


Asthma impacts about 7.5% of the adult population. Evidence-based diagnosis, tracking, and treatment can improve operating and quality of life in adult patients with asthma. It usually starts in youth, particularly before the age of 6. Atopy, specified as a measurable immunoglobulin E (IgE) titer to 1 or more antigens, exists in the majority of these patients and contributes to the advancement of asthma, as well as allergic rhinitis and atopic dermatitis. Other functions recommending an immunologic basis for youth asthma are the high rates of instant skin test reactions to molds and other breathed in allergens4 and an association in between serum IgE levels, skin test reactivity, and asthma. Furthermore, control of allergens brings considerable relief for many patients. For unknown factors, disease remission is common in this group (a longitudinal research study found a rate of 66%). Asthma takes place in adults, even at an advanced age, especially with specific professions, tobacco smoke direct exposure, female sex, weight issues, or existing upper breathing disease. In adults, the disease can represent enduring disease acquired in youth or be a various, late-onset disorder associated with minimized lung function and fixed breathing system clog. Treatment of these 2 groups consists of patient education, nonpharmacologic techniques, and avoidance of getting worse or relieving elements. Pharmacologic treatments have to be concentrated on fast relief of symptoms, normally with bronchodilators, and control of chronic inflammation, typically with breathed in or oral corticosteroids. Frequent reevaluation is needed as problems and symptoms are brought under control, and recommendation to a lung professional must be considered for those with extreme symptoms or routine worsenings.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Management and Screening of Alcohol Misuse in Primary Care by family doctors [ ]


Various trials of the effectiveness of brief alcohol intervention have actually been carried out in different settings amongst individuals with a wide variety of alcohol disorders. Nonetheless, the effectiveness of the intervention is likely to be affected by the context. We examined the evidence of efficacy of quick alcohol interventions targeted at decreasing long-lasting alcohol usage and associated damage in people attending primary care centers however not looking for assistance for alcohol-related problems. Alcohol misuse (alcoholism) is consumption of alcohol to such a degree as to trigger wear and tear in social behaviour or physical disease and the development of reliance, from which withdrawal is difficult or causes unfavorable impacts. Numerous verified and evidence-based screening, evaluation, intervention, and treatment options are readily available, consisting of the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test, Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test-Consumption, and the single-question screen. Similar to evaluating for other adverse health behaviors, screening and brief intervention for alcohol misuse is a preventive service that nurse practitioners can supply to their patients.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Efficiency and safety of corticosteroid in pericarditis: Review [ ]


An improved understanding of how pericarditis develops is critical to prevent this complication, and further research is needed into the pathogenesis of recurrences. We discuss the aetiology and diagnosis of pericarditis, and extensively review the corticoid treatment options for this condition and it's indication and side effects. We conducted a literature search through Scopus, Medline, and PubMed databases independently for all English language publish studies up to December 2017, search was performed using the terms “(pericarditis) AND (corticosteroids) AND (treatment). Corticosteroid treatment was previously the initial choice for treating pericarditis with pericardial effusions or recurrences not reacting to aspirin or NSAIDs. Corticosteroids could usually be effectively utilized to accomplish quick control of symptoms and decrease of pericardial effusion. Nonetheless, more just recently, this therapy has been shown to be associated with more negative results, potentially a more prolonged illness course, especially if used at high dosages. The reported negative effects include enhanced appetite, acne, mood changes and mental health issue (depression, anxiety, insomnia), muscle weakness, fatty deposits in the face, stretch marks across the body (Cushing syndrome), osteoporosis, diabetes mellitus, systemic arterial hypertension, glaucoma and cataract, enhanced risk of infections, and damaged growth in children. All these adverse effects have been reported in patients with recurring and chronic types of pericarditis after prolonged treatment with corticosteroids.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Improving the family doctor's roles in influenza vaccination in primary care: Review[ ]


Vaccination is the best method for the prevention and control of influenza. Vaccination can reduce illness and lessen severity of infection. This review focuses on how currently licensed influenza vaccines work, why the biology of influenza poses vaccine challenges, and vaccine approaches. A comprehensive search was performed to identify studies published in PubMed and the Cochrane database up to December 2017, in English language and involving human subject only and recently published abstracts were also reviewed our search was for detection of studies that discussing the roles in influenza vaccination in primary care. Licensed seasonal TIV and LAIV displayed a mean efficiency of 60% in healthy adults and 83% in children, respectively in recent meta-analyses. However, when the match between the vaccine strain and circulating epidemic strain is poor, or when a new pandemic virus emerges, these vaccines fail to give optimal security. The IIV does not cause robust resistance in the senior and LAIV is just licensed for people as much as the age of 49 years, leaving the most vulnerable section of the population poorly protected. Influenza vaccines must protect any age groups, particularly those most vulnerable to complications of severe influenza. Ideally, new vaccines should enhance the breadth of the immune reaction to include antigenically unique viruses within the same subtype and viruses of other subtypes, should not be produced in eggs, and should require much less time to manufacture than presently licensed technologies. The ultimate goal of an universal influenza vaccine is to safeguard versus all influenza A viruses, preventing the requirement for yearly revaccination. Several promising techniques are under advancement to improve or overcome the drawbacks of the currently licensed vaccines and to induce broad immunity against various other subtypes of influenza with pandemic potential.

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Pages   [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]