IJSER Home >> Journal >> IJSER
International Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research
ISSN Online 2229-5518
ISSN Print: 2229-5518 9    
Website: http://www.ijser.org
scirp IJSER >> Volume 3,Issue 9,September 2012
State-of-the-Art of Storage and Handling issues related to High Pressure Gaseous Hydrogen to make use in Internal Combustion Engines
Full Text(PDF, )  PP.959‐975  
Author(s)
P.S. Ranjit and Mukesh Saxena
KEYWORDS
: Codes and Standards, Gaseous Hydrogen, Handling, Hazardous Signs, Internal Combustion Engines, Safety Aspects, Storage.
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this paper shall be to provide fundamental safe guards for installation, storage, piping, health related issues in use and handling of compressed gaseous hydrogen. And mainly focusing on stationary, portable infrastructural application under different National and International standards like, Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) New Delhi, India, Petroleum and Explosives Safety Organization (PESO), Nagpur, India, Central institute of Mining and Fuels Research (CMRI), Dhanbad, India, International Electro technical Commission (IEC) Switzerland, National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Massachusetts, USA, International Organization for Standardization(ISO), Switzerland. Further, also considered the supply of the gaseous hydrogen to an internal combustion engine.
References
[1] Status of the Vehicular Pollution Control Programme in India‛, by Central Pollution Control Board, Ministry of Environment & Forests, Government of India, March 2010.

[2] National Hydrogen Energy Road MapPath way for transition to Hydrogen Energy for India‛, by National Hydrogen Energy Board, Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India, Abridged version 2007.

[3] Guidelines for use of Hydrogen fuel in Commercial Vehicles‛, by U.S. Department of Transportation –Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration: November 2007.

[4] Molkov. V. ‚Hydrogen Safety Research: State-of-the-Art‛ Proceedings of the 5th International Seminar on Fire and Explosion Hazards. Edinburgh, UK, 23- 27th April, 2007.

[5] Murphy, Michael J, Ketola, Norman H and Raj, Phani K ‚ Clean Air Programme summary of assessment of the Safety, Health, Environmental and System Risks of Alternative Fuels, U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Agency, FTA-MA-90-7007-95-1, DOT-VNTSC-FTA- 95-5.

[6] Speer, Nate ‚How Hydrogen Sensors Work, Hydrogen and Fuel Cell Safety Report ( The National Hydrogen Association)- www.hydrogensafety.info/old/articles, 2006.

[7] Combustible Gas Detection System, National Electric Code 70, P.No-372 [8] Explosive Atmosphere, Part 29-1, ANSI/ISA -60079-29-1

[9] Performance Requirements of Detectors for Flammable Gases, ANSI/UL 2075

[10] Gas Detectors- Selection, Installation, Use and Maintenance of Detectors for Flammable Gases and Oxygen, ANSI/ISA 60079-29-2- Explosive Atmosphere, Part 2

[11] Guide for combustible Gas detection as a method of protection , ISA –TR 12.13.03

[12] Raj, Phani K, ‚Technology & Management Systems Inc for U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Transit Agency. ‚Clean Air Program: Design Guidelines for Bus Transit Systems using Hydrogen as an Alternative Fuel, DOT-FTA-MA-26- 7021-98-1, October, 1998.

[13] Maximum Allowable Quantity (MAQ) of Hydrogen per control Area, Table. 6.4.1.1, NFPA Standards, P.No. 2.26

[14] Standard Test method for Behavior of Materials in Vertical Tube Furnace at 7500 C, ASTM E 136 Standards.

[15] Construction Types and Height and Area Requirements , Chapter 7 , Section: 7.1.4.1, NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code, P. No: 90

[16] Bridges, Chapter 7, Section 7.1.5.2.5.5. NFPA 5000: Building Construction and Safety Code, P. No: 91

[17] Exhaust Ventilation, Chapter 6, Section 6.4.2, NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P.No:17

[18] Marking, Chapter 10, Section 10.2.5.1 and 10.2.5.2 NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P.No:40

[19] Hazard Identification Signs, Section 6.11.1, 6.11.2.1. and 6.11.2.2., NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P. No.

[20] Flammability Hazards, Chapter 6, P. No. 704-8, Special Hazards, P. No. 704-10, NFPA 704: Standard System for the Identification of the Hazards of Materials for Emergency Response, P. No.

[21] Symbols for General Use, Chapter 4, Standard for Fire Safety and Emergency Symbols, NFPA 170, P. No: 13,14,15,17,30, 33 and 50

[22] Special Occupancies, Electrical Wiring and Equipment, NFPA 70 National Electric Code, Article 500: Hazard (Classified) Locations –Class I, II and III Division 2, P.No: 70-369

[23] Wiring, Class I, Locations, NFPA 70, National Electric Code, Article 501, , P.No: 70-376

[24] Luminaries, National Electric Code, Article 501, Approval for Class and Properties, Section: 501.130.

[25] Switches, National Electric Code, Article 501, Section: 501.1/5 (B) (1) through (B) (4).

[26] Separation of Gas containers, Cylinders and tank by Hazard class, Chapter 7, Gaseous Hydrogen, Table 7.2.1.1.1 NFPA:2, Hydrogen Technologies Code. P. No.33

[27] Distance to Exposures, Chapter 7: Compressed Gases- NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P.No.26

[28] Containers, Cylinders and Tanks, Section. 7.1.5.1.8., Chapter 7 Compressed Gases of NFPA 55, P. No: 55.

[29] Hydrogen Vent System, Section.10.2.2, Chapter 10 NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P. No.39.

[30] Pressure Relief Valves, Chapter.7, Section. 7.1.5.5.2, NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P. No.21

[31] Pressure Relief Device StandardsCompressed Gas Association, CGA S.1.1.- Part 1, Cylinders for Compressed Gases

[32] Design of Gaseous Hydrogen Systems: Section 10.3.2, Chapter 10 Gaseous Hydrogen Systems, NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P. No.40

[33] Lee C. Cadwallader, Kevin G. Dewall, J.Stephen Herring, ‚Hydrogen and Oxygen Gas Monitoring System Design Operation-Safety and Technology of Nuclear Hydrogen Production, Control and Management, Idaho National Laboratory, US Department of Energy (DOE), INL?CON-07-12079, June, 2007

[34] Gaseous Hydrogen,. Safetygram -4, Air Products, P.No.2

[35] Handling, Storage and Usage of Compressed Gas cylinders, Safetygram10, Air Products, P.No.2

[36] Piping, Tubing and Fittings, Chapter 10: Gaseous Hydrogen Systems, Section 10.2.3.1, P. No. 39

[37] Cylinder Valves, Safetygram 23, Air Products, P. No. 01.

[38] Cylinder Valves Outlet Connections, Safetygram 31, Air Products, P.No.2

[39] Maintenance of Piping Systems, Chapter 7 Compressed Gases, Section 7.6.5, NFPA 55 Compressed Gases, P.No.27

[40] Physical Protection, Chapter 7, Section 7.1.8.3.1, 7.1.8.3.2., 7.1.8.3.4, NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code, P. No. 22

[41] Testing of Hydrogen Piping systems, Section 705.1., 705.3.1., 705.3.2 and 705.4.1,NFPA 55: Compressed Gases and Cryogenic Fluids Code. P. No.34

[42] Electrical& Electronic Occupancies, National Electric Code (NEC) 70, NFPA 70, P.No:369 & 519

[43] Don’t Turn a Cylinder into a Rocket, Safetygram 14, Air Products P.No.2

[44] Regulator Selection, Installation and Operation, Safetygram 12, Air Products, P.No.2

[45] Dangers of Oxygen deficient Atmospheres, Safetygram 17, Air Products, P.No:1

[46] L.M. Das, ‚Safety Aspects of a Hydrogen fuelled Engine System Development‛, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 16, No.9, P. No. 619-624, 1991.

[47] L.M. Das, ‚ Fuel Induction Techniques for a Hydrogen operated Engine‛, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 15, P. No. 833-845(1990).

[48] L.M. Das, ‚Hydrogen Engines: A View of the Past and Look into the Future. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Volume 15, P. No: 425-443, 1990.

[49] H.C. Watson, E.E. Milkins, et.al, ‚An Australian Hydrogen Car‛ Proceedings of 5th World Hydrogen Energy Conference, pp. 1549-1562, Canada.

Untitled Page