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The Survival Phenomenon of Kampong Kuningan Amidst The Development of Mega Kuningan Business-area in Jakarta

Budi Arlius Putra

Abstract— The urbanization process which is endorsed with globalization factor has directed to the increase of clashes between a planned space development and an unplanned organic space development. The problem may lead the emerged socio-spatial effects as a result of the succession and segregation of urban space. A kampong Kuningan, an evidence of city’s development in Mega Kuningan business-area Jakarta showed no fully condemnation of the kampong. Even there are still several elements of the kampong space accommodated in the modern area. The objective of study is to comprehend the survival of kampong Kuningan amidst the effect of the urban development process.This study is conducted in three stages namely; to identify the urban development process, to analyze the kampong Kuningan spaces contribution in building survival, to extend the meaning of kampong survival in the context of urban space development knowledge. This study uses a qualitative approach based on naturalistic paradigm relying on field phenomenon analyzed inductively. The result shows that, the kampong is able to adjust to the urban development process. The survival grows from togetherness values, ability, tradition, and religiosity of its kampong residents, as a result of the people interaction with its space, activity necessity, and socio-cultural experience.

Index Terms— Survival, space values, urban space development, space involution, conservation

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1 INTRODUCTION

kampong existence as urban settlement independently built with the power of its residents has an important meaning since its ability to maintain humanity values in modern urban life. According to Kostoff (1991) statement, i.e., an urban development is, basically, the accumulation of a planned urban development and an unplanned organic space development which is formed through the historical, social, and cultural power of its residents. The kampong as settle- ment not merely gives a significant meaning to the urban identity and character continuation, however also gives securi- ty of social-economic life to the urban residents (Soetomo,
2004). Moreover, in the last three decades, the urbanization process which is endorsed with globalization factor has in- creased the acceleration of urban development physically and socially (Lim, 1990; Tjahyati, 2005). The urbanization process is closely related to the space making of urban life influenced by social, economic, cultural, resource, and technological factors (Knox in Soetomo, 2007). This condition leads to arousing con- flict as well as condemning kampong as the effect of planned urban development controlled by economic interest.
According to Castell (1997), the clash of urban development which is due to the urbanization process produces “space struc- turing on the basis of market mechanism”. Ideally, planned space which belongs to political decision of space structuring grows side by side with a mutually integrated organic space. Without any strategy to mix urban dynamics as “place” system in realizing urban for mutual space empowering its residents will arouse contradictory condition for urban future (Seragel- din, 1997). This motives to comprehend the relationship of “place” in the urbanization process further. The phenomenon of kampong survival in facing urban development pressure is ex- pected to give a valuable knowledge contribution to build a strategy of urban space integration. Thus, solution needed by the architecture in Indonesia is not only as a matter of physical
problem, however also connection with any other social dimen- sion.

1.1 THE SURVIVAL PHENOMENON OF KAMPONG KUNINGAN

Kampong Kuningan in the district of Setiabudi, South Jakarta municipality is chosen as an object for this study. The choice is supported by two reasons, i. e., (1) this kampong existence amidst the development of Mega Kuningan business-area in Jakarta is very interesting its direct contiguity to the rapid de- velopment of a modern city, (2) the kampong condition is still well maintained with component being maintained by mod- ern area. This is a hope that can pave the way to new know- ledge about space relationship.

Fig 1. Morphology diversity in Mega Kuningan business-area.

Indicate the settlement location behind the skyscraper buildings, kam- pong settlement, dairy cow cattle breeding, mosque, and Mega Kuningan surroundings.

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1.2 THE NEED TO BUILD AN INTEGRATED URBAN

SPACE THEORY

In “Finding Lost Space” (Trancik, 1986), an integrated space urban in the context of advanced countries urbans was consi- dered. The study discovers phenomena that urbans have lost the physical, social, humanity values, and memory quality owing to modernism influences. Through studies on classical urbans and approach on space quality theory, Trancik shows that cultural power and historical values can revive urbans as human spaces.
Nevertheless, the modern urban problem of advanced countries is very different (Trancik, 1986). The urban problem in Indonesia establishes urbans as a mutual living space and enhancing the urban residents’ empowernment to bridge so- cial-economic gap and prevent urban development from suc- cession and segregation. This problem is unsolved with mor- phology structuring or physical and visual linkage system only. Approach as Trancik has been chosen cannot be used to overcome any urban social problems, therefore it needs to de- velop other knowledge.
The discussion on urban architecture is always connected with establishment and development of urban space, in which space makes “a place” directing to a human space establish- ment in humans’ life. How about if the concept of “place” is taken to more macro in theoretical framework of urban space establishment/making? There are two classical approaches usually used to explain an urban development phenomenon; Liberal theory and Marxis theory.
Liberal theory or social-spatial ecology of urban analogizes an urban development phenomenon as it is occurs in natural ecology (Brown, 2000). Based on this theory, invasion, succes- sion, and segregation of space are natural phenomena since it leads the urban balance establishment. The varied difference is a common thing for a functional system. Therefore, if any con- flict, it can be solved by consensus. This approach is actually not inclined to integration; conversely it creates succession and segregation of urban space.
Marxis theory, in contrast, explains that as a matter of fact, urban establishment is a contradictory product or class con- flict. A social-spatial ecology of urban produces exploitation or in the form of informal sector in real fact. While to realize jus- tice, it needs government power approach or government role (Harvey, 1973 ; Castell, 1977). Based on the theory of social- spatial ecology, kampong Kuningan should not exist anymore. In reality, even though the kampong is amidst the urgency of a capitalistic city space development and sustained with space management policy, kampong Kuningan remains exist. There are some other objections namely; both of the theories also em-

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Budi Arlius Putra is currently pursuing PhD degree program in architec- ture and architectural engineering department in Seoul National Universi- ty, Korea.

E-mail: budi_arliusputra@yahoo.co.id
phasize determinism on economy and production factors of temporary space making by ignoring social-cultural aspect of urban society. The other problem is about “place” and inter- people relationship and its environment based on Ekistic’s theory (Doxiadis, 1968). The concept of “genius loci” which develops “spirit of place and power of place” enables survival by making urban residents feel homey or tied up to its space. The concept of “local genius” or local wisdom explains hu- mans’ strategy in dealing with social-cultural changes having connection with genius loci. However, it needs a contextual elaboration of how the “genius loci” and the “local genius” are coming into being. On the other hand, it also needs to be ex- plained about the relationship between “genius loci” and the urbanization process making space so far.
At last, theoretical framework of this study is not used as the way of thinking since we have to seek knowledge based on the previous experience. The discussion on theory underlies thought to determine theory gap and knowledge contribution. Based on the aforementioned explanation, it comes to conclu- sion that phenomenological approach is precise used in this study.

2 OBJECTIVE, ADVANTAGE, AND STUDY FORMULATION

The objective of this study is to discover the survival pheno- menon of kampong Kuningan. The study on kampong Kunin- gan is expected to contribute knowledge about space function and role in maintaining humans as the users. At this point, the term of “survival” is used to represent definition of survival phenomenon, the cause of which has not been found out yet. The main question proposed in this study is “how the survival of kampong Kuningan amidst city development?” while the main questions can be elaborated as follow: (1) How is the city development process going and its effect on the existence of kampong Kuningan? (2) What is the space contribution in maintaining kampong and the survival level of kampong in that process? (3) What theoretical framework can be used to contribute to urban planning and design theory science?.

2.1 METHOD AND SYSTEMATIZATION OF STUDY

Based on the former theories and object characteristics, this study refers to naturalistic paradigm (Moleong, 2000; Muhad- jir, 2000; Groat, 2002). Techniques utilized in data collection are participate observation, interview, and informer aid. The process of data collection, note-taking, and field analysis are conducted at once.
This study was conducted since 2009 to 2011 in several stages. The first stage was conducted by the overall observa- tion, in order to complete object description and the relevant analysis unit. This step aimed to determine the observed units which refer to principles of scarcity, uniqueness, and potential problem complexity pursuant to case study research (Yin,

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2004). In this stage, observation was also done to get the ap- propriate study object. The second stage was to analyze the area development pattern and its effects on the kampong exis- tence. This stage, explored the description of the area devel- opment pattern and its effects on the kampong existence to acquire deeper understanding fundamentals on the kampong survival was acquired. The last stage was to analyze the kam- pong spaces unit consisting of residence, public space, and religious space explaining kampong survival. Virtually the topics were inseparable, yet for the sake of analysis, they were separated. By the existing concepts, they were developed to be theoretical framework of kampong integration and survival.

2.2 KAMPONG SURVIVAL AMIDST CITY DEVELOPMENT

Based on the facts of history, tradition, and oral history, kam- pong Kuningan is proven as a historical settlement of Betawi people in Jakarta. The stage of area development indicate that there is development pattern inclined to the process of kam- pong existence abolishment in planned and in nature. Never- theless, up to the end of the typical morphology of kampong still exists. Daily activities of kampong residents, socio- cultural values such as residents’ occupation, tradition, habit, and communal relationship remains the same. Even there is a “component” of kampong accommodated in modern area.
In the context of area development, the existence of kam- pong tends to survive by adjusting limitedly to the city devel- opment usage. The changes of form and function, as well as kampong existence are closely related to the process of Mega Kuningan business-area development. Since 1994, the modern development of Mega Kuningan business-area development generated by capital power has changed space management of kampong settlements. Area evolution begins with the process of road development, function, and land value. In the concept of Kuningan area development, kampong existence is pre- dicted to pass through some changes to be modern area either planned or not. Assumedly, the kampong existence socially, culturally, and physically means nothing to the modern area existence. This area development pattern is basically “space management” establishment directing to the spaceship segre- gation process on the basis of economic function. The estab- lished relationship is not in the framework of integration and synergic interaction among the doers of city activities, howev- er the one-side beneficial and tactical relationship.
Urban development has double effect namely; becoming threat for succession process and opportunity development for kampong existence. Threat for kampong existence can be viewed from morphological change in the first stage, behavior and activity in the second stage and values in the third stage. The peak of kampong existence is the kampong ability to maintain morphological structuring stage of religious values in the form of grave and mosque. This religious space is the essence of spaceship values that cannot be interfered by social- economic power. Its existence is transformed as area public space, leading to possess its functional and symbolic values. This process is a preservation which can integrate the kam- pong in the city development process.
The modern area development causes degradation and conflict to kampong life whose the causes are: (1) Planning and designing concepts are modernization which is not in- tended to maintain uniqueness and diversity of local culture. (2) Planning and designing of the area are aimed more at physical, visual, measurable aspects such as area usage man- agement, road network system, and environment infrastruc- ture. Meanwhile, area values which are related to the social and cultural wealth are not the center of attention. (3) There is an environment situation change causing kampong to be able to react and consolidate its power to exist again. Thus, the ex- istence of kampong Kuningan is the result of on-both-side relationship of city and modern area development as well as the kampong survival.

2.3 Survival of Settlement Space, Public Space, and

Religious Space

Kampong survival can be viewed based on the ability of settle- ment space, public space and religious space in maintaining its existence. The existence of settlement is based on the ability of adjusting productivity, people values among residents as settle- ment unity. Settlement space is also an indicator of residents’ ex- istence economically sustained by neighborhood and socio- cultural relationship values. The extreme phenomenon can be seen based on the survival ability of the dairy cattle breeding due to the existing values. While functional adaptation is indicated with its function extension to make a good use of accommodation necessity chances for the area employees. Public space is main- tained with agreement, need, and aspire of the residents to live together. The pressure of the area development and the new resi- dents cannot ruin their sense of togetherness; conversely it en- dorses awareness of sharing each other. This condition can be observed from the preservation of public space models such as road, alley, or inter-house space as well as new public space like square, and many others. Those spaces not only maintain toge- therness values among residents, however also become a me- dium of learning to live together. Religious space of the kampong consisting of grave and mosque cannot fully be condemned by the area development of Mega Kuningan. Since they are inte- grated with the area, and their existence as public facility spaces in the area are even maintained especially as a worship space. The existence of religious space becomes an interaction space among kampong residents as well as the other business doers in the area.
Based on the three spaces, it can be analyzed that the kam- pong survival is the combination of space development and preservation derived from the values of togetherness, empo- wernment, tradition, and religiosity in its community. The highest hierarchy is a tradition-religiosity value, the middle hierarchy is a togetherness value, and the lowest one is an empowerment value. The top values are the unreachable sur- vival limit, whereas togetherness is collective values function- ing as unifier, and empowerment values are space function. These space values are derived from the residents’ interaction with its space, activity need, and social-cultural experience.

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2.4 Basic Concept Findings

The building process of values interaction with kampong community is strategic effort to establish the area spaceship system which still has kampong character. This survival process is limited to the impassable spaceship values system. At this point, there are three groups of important values which can maintain the kampong existence, namely: Togetherness value is a basic thought concerning interaction between kam- pong and urban or between urban and kampong internally. Empowerment value is compulsory value to conform to changes. These values are not merely from the internal kam- pong, however also from the external influence. Tradition reli- giosity value is also comprehension on kampong having value system as space and activity instituted. Thus, the kampong existence designates both “the postponed condemnation area” in a modern area architecture project, and space maintaining its basic values can conform to the area development.

3 SURVIVAL OF KAMPONG KUNINGAN

Kampong remains existing amidst the area development al- though urban development has induce layer changes of mor- phology, function, and values. There are two factors becoming the cause why kampong is able to exist amidst the urge of urban development, that are, external and internal factors playing a role to reinforce each other. Therefore, they are the asset of kampong survival.
Urban development has contradictory qualities. Even though such development threatens the kampong field exis- tence, in everyday life urban development still needs the kampong existence as supporting space.
This can be shown with the existence of mosque, settle- ment, and eating stalls which become accommodation space for the business doers in the area. The other external factor of non-spatial is social politic dynamics as a consequence of re- formation and economic crisis in 1997-1998 not enabling the space exemption process as it did in the past. Hence, basically urban and area development, trigger threats, and create usable varied opportunities for kampong.
The existence of kampong Kuningan is reinforced with po- tentials of either the function or meaning of kampong. The meanings of kampong Kuningan to its residents are such as: settlement which possesses social cultural values, background of history, Betawi people and Islam traditions; and urban set- tlement which flourishes functionally as houses and working spaces for its residents. Physical space which grows organical- ly is based on the background of culture and experience of its residents. This meaning can be found in the technical, func- tional, and symbolic level of spaceship based on kampong development as housing space, public space establishment, and effort to maintain religious space.
The three space components become, not merely only the background of its residents, however also the decisive asset for the success of action and strategy to maintain the kampong existence. The space existence is to be a background or setting, and capital to build kampong survival with a beneficial two- side relationship either inter-kampong residents or environ-
ment around.
Development and preservation of space are based on the
basic value reinforcement as follows togetherness that can be
viewed from; (1) Togetherness in space, (2) Ability in interac-
tion, (3) Equality development in cultural diversity, (4) In
symbolic level, it becomes “interaction realization”. The other
reinforcement empowerment can be viewed from; (1) Ability
reproduction to accommodate cultural behavior, (2) In sym-
bolic level, it becomes “progress realization”, (3) Job field-
productivity aspect, (4) Medium for space creativity, (5) Me-
dium for growth of “healthy, transformative humans and
community”. Tradition and religiosity comprise (1) Spirit of
place showing identity and activator in a bigger system, (2) Appreciation to sacredness and tradition symbols, (3) Toler- ance and religiosity, (4) Tradition as part of community life.

3.1 Integrated Kampong Amidst Urban Development

The kampong survival phenomenon implies abilities the kampong has to adjust to exist amidst urban development. That is an obligation to exist functionally by playing a role as part of the existing system. The kampong survival covers functional transformation and selective conservation in maintaining heterogeneity on the basis of the fundamental spaceship values trilogy. The survival limit maintains pattern and value system of kampong leaning on development and preservation of the values.
The following scheme explains the relationship between the highest development of modern area or what is so-called ur- ban succession with the kampong survival. There are three space domains to be object of change namely; morphology, function, and values. In the first penetration phase, urban de- velopment process influences more on values changes, whe- reas function and morphology have not been a lot yet. In the second phase, urban development process has influenced function and morphology, however values still keep existing. In the phase, there is emergence of changes for the overall val- ues, functions, and morphology which can be assumed as the last kampong survival, or conversely they are regarded as ur- ban succession.
Therefore, the kampong survival is determined by its ability of reproducing and producing space values to certain limits.

Fig 2. The survival, Adaptation and Conservation of Kampong.

Space survival structure amidst urban development can be seen

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in four layers as shown in the following scheme. The first layer is peak survival covering configuration of morphology, functions, and values and is a physical, social change of kampong. The second layer is space configuration dominated with function and space values. In this stage, there is a balancing between kampong and environment around. The third stage is space configuration dominated with its spaceship values. The existing space realization is based on values network formed. The forth layer is the loss of kampong space existence since the whole area has been in the process of succession.

Fig 3. (Scheme). Kampong Survival Knowledge Structure. Kampong survival structure:

A. Roof-showing kampong ability to integrate in the area develop- ment.

B. Body-showing to show a process of kampong conservation

C. Feet-showing space values as fundamental of integration and conservation.

a) From Kampong Survival to Integrate Urban Space

Kampong survival knowledge as spaceship system ex- plored from the case of kampong Kuningan has produced comprehension regarding inter-space relationship in an area, factors maintaining space, the slowdown of space succession process and space survival limits. Nonetheless, this know- ledge is substantive since being related to vary local factors or other decisive situations. To give contribution that can be im- plemented in an integrated urban space as wider knowledge, it needs theoretical dialogue on substantive knowledge with other relevant theories and concepts.
While concepts which will be discussed are: 1. Kampong survival, 2. Integrated kampong amidst urban development connected with integrated strategy between planned space and unplanned space for the case of urbans in Indonesia, 3. Kampong preservation connected with urban planning theo- ries and their application on kampong preservation.

b) Space Capital: Genius Loci and Space Value

Kampong survival knowledge and the values formation process in urban development elaborate a phenomenon so
far not having been discussed in architecture thought, an ur-
ban architecture involution phenomenon. Kampong space survival leans on the development slowdown process which is influenced by basic spaceship values. This space slowdown process can be explained with involution phenomenon (Geertz, 1983).
Mc-Gee (1973), Evers (1995) and Soetomo (1988) develop invo- lution in the social urban context especially concerning infor- mal sector that can slowdown the process of urban develop- ment and tend toward revolution. The involution can also be expanded to the case of kampong Kuningan survival emerg- ing as a result of physical change slowdown, yet there is func- tional adaptive and basic value preservation. Beneficial space usage concept or space sharing can be identified with poverty sharing phenomenon. Thereby, basically, survival is the dy- namics of continuous preservation and adaptive process.
The spaceship values realization can be found in genius loci and local genius describing space values which can maintain its community (Schultz, 1969; Suroyo, 2005). In this case, the role of community as an actor is very important to maintain balance between transformation and conservation in sustain- ing; 1. Togetherness or space social values, 2. Empowerment or space function, 3. Tradition and religiosity or space spirit.

c) Involution of Space and Conservation

Both-side relationship between kampong and urban in principle is matched with social-spatial ecology theory on “the role of residents”. Nevertheless, critizing urban ecology theory which analogizes urban development follows market mechan- ism regarded the same as nature mechanism. Rejection is not on natural ecological analogy and inter-human relationship, and on food circle relationship as well, however on functional and symbolic interaction. Therefore, conflicting relationship is rejected. The emergence of “regulations maintaining social interest” is accepted to reduce the competition tending to pure market dominance. The relationship can be explained in social sciences aspect. Succession process can be slowed down through the formed involution mechanism due to symbiosis relationship. This mechanism possibly appears since there is “space sharing principle based on spaceship values connec- tion”. Knowledge on urban space involution reminds of con- servation roles to preserve historical elements and social cul- tural knowledge on urban. If urban development is purely based on transformation principle, what will happen then is the emergence of succession and segregation phenomenon. This is in line with Soetomo statement (1988) that urban de- velopment is basically a synthesis of evolution and involution process. The planned space development accommodating modern urbans must be balanced with the growth of organic space activated by its community. This integrated develop- ment paradigm becomes a public solution for the succession and segregation problems owing to urban development.

d) Space Survival, Integrated Urban Space amidst Urba- nization

Urbanization as the process of urban development has been meant as a transformative process and dominated with planned development. In the context of Indonesia, the process of organic space preservation such as kampong does not mere-

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ly mean maintaining urban self-identity, however also becom- ing “public space”. The conservation process needs a holistic comprehension related to a space system reinforcement which can empower and maintain local tradition values as spirit of urban residents.
The existing space is very limited, therefore the existing symbiosis relationship effectively needs maintained. Such as interaction has a starting point from the space values prin- ciples as follows: (1) Togetherness, (2) Empowerment, (3) Tra- dition and religiosity. Based on this view, the unplanned space existence formed spontaneously has contribution to revive a modern area existence. This condition owe to the space limita- tion, and the existing symbiosis exchange principles necessi- tating a modern area to share space values with kampong and vice versa. This phenomenon explains that “such a mechan- ism” has the impassable limitations. The limitations are space- ship values or kampong place capital. However, in case the area development remains being allowed to have penetration to market mechanism, it may lead to kampong succession. At this point, a government role which controls the growth of modern area is needed for going toward a holistic area synthe- sis and an unplanned space development, as the integrated part of area system.

e) Thought Structure of Integrated Urban Space

The integrated space cannot be realized if there is no ap-
preciation and symbiosis both-side relationship among urban
residents. The process is actually the urban space establish-
ment and preservation which can arouse ability to exist for its
residents by building spaceship values accommodating diver-
sity, cooperation, empowerment, and well-rooted to its local
tradition. This statement is accordance with “glocalization”
concept indicating that patterns which can accommodate glo-
balization stream without having to lose its local values are
not adequate. Ideally, it should develop loval values that can
contribute to local-global pattern. This can give positive im-
pacts on urban existence and mean to its residents. By having a starting point from survival limitation of organic space, it has to be endorsed in the framework of an urban space politi- cal policy in order to formulate and integrate strategy between
planned and unplanned spaces in urban cases in Indonesia.

4 CONCLUSION

The kampong Kuningan survival is on the basis of a symbiosis both-side relationship between urban development and its environment around standing on kampong spaceship values. Kampong spaceship system either morphologically or func- tionally which is a capital for self adaptive is based on space values of togetherness, empowerment, tradition, and religiosi- ty of its residents. The limitations of kampong survival lie on the formation and preservation of the related values. This knowledge on survival which is standing on the symbiosis both-side relationship reveals the integrated urban space prin- ciples. The potential comes into existence since there is kam- pong conservation resulting in slowdown process by means of maintaining the core space, however conforming to urban or
area development. With regard to the concept of urban archi- tecture involution, there appears a mechanism of space value decline as knowledge enrichment on integrated planning and urban planning which is synthesizing the process of planned- and-unplanned development. It is the primary principle in realizing urban space that can enhance dignity and empower its residents. Furthermore, in the future work, the issue of val- ue in the context of architecture urban space is of more rele- vant to be studied for improving urban life.

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