International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 18

ISSN 2229-5518

A Review on E-waste Management and

Recycling Challenges in India

Ms. Neethu Lukose

Abstract- Electronics industry is the world’s largest and fastest growing manufacturing industry. But the increase in sales of electronic equipments and their rapid obsolescence such as advancement in technology, change in fashion, style and status has resulted in generation of electronic waste which is popularly known as E-waste. E-waste contains many hazardous components that may negatively impact the environment and adversely affect human health if not properly managed. E-waste problem is of global concern due to the production and disposal of waste in a globalized world. In India, e-waste management has greater significance not only due to the generation of its own e-waste but also because of the dumping of e-waste from developed countries. This is coupled with India’s lack of appropriate infrastructure and procedures for its disposal and recycling. The challenge is to develop innovative and cost- effective solutions to decontaminate polluted environments due to E-waste , to make them safe for human habitation and consumption, and to protect the functioning of the ecosystems which support life. This paper discusses the different categories of E-waste, categorization of different hazardous components present in e-waste, methods of E-waste management and an innovative bioremediation technologies which have become an eco-friendly and fruitful method to conventional clean up technologies to decontaminate e-waste from the soil-water environment, the challenges in which India is facing for the management of E-waste and suggestion for a formal method of E-waste recycling in India.

Index Terms - E-waste management, recycling, hazardous components, formal method, cost-effective solution, bioremediation

—————————— ——————————

1 INTRODUCTION

The production of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE) is one of the fastest growing global manufacturing activities. Rapid economic growth, urbanization and a growing demand for consumer goods, leads to the consumption and the production of EEE. E-waste comprises of wastes generated from used electronic devices and house hold appliances which are not fit for their original intended use and are destined for recovery, recycling or disposal(MoEF 2008).The Indian information technology(IT) industry has been one of the major drivers of change in the economy in the last decade and has contributed significantly to the digital revolution being experienced by the world(J. Zhang, X- J.Liang,2012et al ,Anwesha Borthakur,2012,S.B Wath,2010,Shalabh Agarwal ,2014). Even though electronic applications have infiltrated every aspect of our daily lives, such as comfort, health ,security ,easy information, data acquisition, the knowledge society is creating its own toxic footprints. As per D. Sinha- Khetriwal et al,(2005), while we are having some of the world’s most advanced high-tech software and hardware developing facilities, India’s recycling sector can be called medieval.

Neethu Lukose is currently pursuing masters degree program in civil engineering department of PSG College of technology, Coimbatore,Tamilnadu641004,India.Ph:+91-7200735040.

E-mail: lksneethu@gmail.com

The dumping of e-waste, particularly computer waste, into India from developed countries has further complicated the problems with the management of E- Waste, P.Kiddee et al(2013).The increased ‘market penetration’ into the developing countries and ‘high obsolescence rate’ make e-waste one of the fastest growing waste streams all over the world. Thus e-waste management has become not only an issue of environment but also human health. It also possesses a series challenge in disposal and recycling to both developed and developing countries (Zhang et al.,2012,Nguyen Minh Tue,2014,Xiaofeng Wang,2012,Pucket et al 2002).
In accordance with the national development policy (NDP) and for sustainable development, there is a greater need to improve the recovery and/or reuse of useful materials from waste generated from a process and/or from the use of any material and thus to reduce the waste destined for final disposal and to ensure the environmentally sound management of all materials (MoEF 2008).
As per global report Live science.com World’s E-Waste grow to 33% by 2017.As per United Nations University
2013, E-Waste can fill a line of 40-ton trucks end-to-end on a highway straddling three quarters of the equator.
In USA-According to Environment protection act (EPA) in 2008, 3.16 million tones of E-waste were generated and only 13.6% of this amount was recycled. The rest was trashed in landfills or incinerators. Nearly 80% of all the E-waste are exported to Asia (MoEF 2008)

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 19

ISSN 2229-5518

Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total WEEE/ E-waste is generated in India.10 states generates 70% of the total WEEE/E-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of WEEE/E-waste generating states in India(Shalabh Agarwal,2014,MoEF 2008).
The top states, in order of highest contribution to WEEE, include Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, and Punjab. The city-wise ranking of largest WEEE generators is Mumbai, Delhi
,Bangalore,Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat, and Nagpur. This may be due to the presence of a large number of Info Tech Parks & electronic products manufacturing companies situated in these areas, which plays the main role in E-waste generation

2 Purpose of study

The components present in the E-waste are highly toxic in nature, Present treatment techniques such as Land filling, Incineration, Recycling which has been adopted in India will cause adverse impacts for both human beings and Environment. In India around 95% of the E- waste that is recycled goes through informal sectors. Children are often found to be dismantling E-waste which contains hazardous chemicals which is very dangerous for child health. This paper points out the proper treatment technique which has to be adopted for Environmental Sustainability and also the need for a formal methods of recycling.

3 Literature review

D. Sinha-Khetriwal et al.2005 presents a comparison of the end- of-life treatment of the life treatment of electronics in two countries, Switzerland and India.S. B Wath.2010 gives an idea of E-waste composition, categorization, Global and Indian E-waste scenarios, prospects of recoverable, recyclable and recovery processes followed, and their environmental and occupational hazards. P. Kiddee et al.2013 presents an overview of toxic substances present in the E-waste, their potential environmental and human health impacts together with management strategies currently being used in certain countries. Maria-Chrysovalantou Emmanouil et al.2013 analyzed the flow in an E-waste management system, present the processes included and the necessary information that interrelate and affect the processes. Pinto,2008 provides a concise overview of
India’s current E-waste scenario, namely magnitude of the problem, environmental and health hazards, current disposal and recycling operations, existing legal frame work organizations working on this issue and recommendations for action. Pamela Chawla and Neelu Jain,2012 categorized future trends in obsolete computer generation in India in the next fifteen years using logistic model based approach.
E-waste is divided into different categories according to Environmental Protection Act,1986.(EU 2002,S.B Wath,2010), which is shown in table 1

Table 1: Different categories of E-Waste

Classification

Examples

Large and small

household appliances

refrigerator,freezer,washing

machine,cooking appliances,grinders,watches etc.

Lighting equipments

bulb,CFL

IT and

telecommunication

PCs,Printers,telephones

Consumer equipment

TV,radio,video

camera,amplifiers

Electrical and

electronic tools

drills,saws,sewing machine

Toys leisure,and sport

equipment

computer/video games,electric

trains

Medical devices

with the exception of all implanted and infected products radiotherapy equipment, dialysis, nuclear medicine

Monitoring and

control instruments

smoke detector,heating

regulators,thermostat

Automatic dispensers

for hot drinks,money,hot and

cold bottles

3 Methodology

This descriptive type article purely based on review of literatures. The data collected for this review article consisted of secondary data through literature survey.

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 20

ISSN 2229-5518

Literatures are collected to study the hazardous effect due to the Components present in E-Waste and the treatment techniques adopted presently and tables were drawn highlighting the salient features. From the literature survey it is clearly noted that bioremediation can be a effective method of E-Waste treatment.
Current system of E-waste recycling system in India was studied and appropriate flow charts were drawn related to recycling and the challenges on which India is facing for the proper management of E-Waste. Drawbacks of current E-Waste management systems in India has been noted and its solutions were given as findings.

4 Objective

• To study the effect of E-waste impacts for both human beings as well as environment.
• To study the methods which are available for the management of E-Waste in India and to find the hazardous effects associated with it.
• To find out the challenges in which India is facing during recycling and to suggest a formal method of recycling

5 Data and Discussion:

5.1Impacts due to Hazardous Components

Present in E-Waste

E-Waste consists of both toxic and valuable materials in them (EU 2009). The fraction including iron, copper, aluminium, gold and other metals in E-waste is over
60%,while plastics account for about 30% and hazardous pollutants comprise only about 2.7%.
E-waste should not be combined with unsorted municipal waste destined for landfills because electronic waste can contain different substances, many of which are toxic, such as mercury, lead, arsenic, cadmium, etc. The table 2 below discusses about few of the toxic components present in e-waste as per Five winds International(2001), Puckett and smith(2002), P.kiddee et al (2013)

Table 2: The toxic components present in e-waste Sources:Five winds International(2001),Puckett and smith(2002),P.kiddee et al (2013)

Component

E-waste product and operation disposal

Adverse Health

Effects

Chromium

Used to protect metal housings

Inhaling hexavalent chromium or use

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 21

ISSN 2229-5518

leachate occured from cathode ray tubes. The same is true for PCBs from a condenser. When brominated flame retarded plastics or cadmium containing plastics are landfilled, both PBDE and the cadmium may leach into the soil and groundwater (Schmidt,2002,Kasissi et al,2008,MoEF 2008,Valerie J Brown, 2004, research unit,Rajyasabha secretriate.2011, Shalabh Agarwal,2014).

5.2Management Techniques of E-Waste in India

Landfilling: It is one of the most widely used methods for disposal of e-waste in India. Here, trenches are made on the flat surfaces and soil is excavated from the it. Then waste materials are buried in it, which is covered by a thick layer of soil.

Incineration: It is a controlled and complete combustion process, in which the waste material is burned in specially designed incinerators at a high temperature (900-10000C)( MoEF 2008). Some plants remove iron from the slag for recycling. By incineration some environmentally hazardous organic substances are converted into less hazardous compounds.

Recycling: Recycling is a process of dismantling ie, removal of different parts of e-waste containing dangerous substances like, PCB, Hg, separation of plastic, removal of CRT, segregation of ferrous and non- ferrous metals and printed circuit boards, hard drives, floppy drives, Compact disks, mobiles, fax machines, printers, CPUs, memory chips, connecting wires and cables can be recycled.

5.3 Environmental Impacts due to Present Management Techniques of E-Waste adopted in India

Hazards due to Landfilling: Land filling can leak. They are not completely tight throughout their lifetimes and a certain amount of chemical and metal leaching may occur. Mercury will leach when certain electronic devices, such as circuit breakers are destroyed, lead

Hazards due to Incineration: Disadvantage of

incineration are the emission of flue gases and the large amount of residues due to combustion. E-waste incineration leads to the annual emissions of cadmium and mercury. The incineration of brominated flame- retardants at a low temperature of 600-8000C may lead to the generation of extremely toxic polybrominated dioxins (PBDDs) and Polybrominated furans (PBDfs). Significant quantity of PVC is contained in e-waste, which makes the flue gas residues and air emissions particularly dangerous (MoEF 2008, research unit,Rajyasabha secretriate.2011, Shalabh Agrawal
2012,Divya Gupta 2012).

Hazards due to Recycling: Recycling of hazardous products have environmental benefit, only if there is a goal to redesign the product to use non-hazardous materials. The hazard associated with disassembly stage is the possibility of accidental spillages of hazardous substances. For example, mercury, found within light sources(fluorescent tubes in scanners, photocopiers, etc.) as well as switches, could be released into the air of a recycling facility upon breakage of the shell(Puckett and Smith,2002).

A hazardous emission into the air also results from recycling of e-waste containing heavy metals, such as lead, cadmium etc(Asante et al,2012,Widmer et al
2005,Chen et al 2009, Wan et al,2009).Table 3 shows the

hazardous effects due to E-Waste treatment.

Table 3: Hazardous effects due to E-Waste Treatment

Treatment

Hazards

Landfilling

Leakage of toxic substances

Recycling

Accidental spillage of hazardous

substances

Incineration

Escaping of flue gases to the

atmosphere

5.4 Environmental Friendly Methods of E-Waste

Management

Approaches for Bioremediation :Bioremediation is a general concept which includes all the actions that take place in order to biotransform an environment which has

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 22

ISSN 2229-5518

already altered by contaminants, to its original state(Surajit
Das et al.,2014).
Microbiological processes can be applied to mobilize metals from electronic waste materials. Bacteria-Thiobacillus, thiooxidans, T.ferrooxidans and fungi- Aspergillus niger ,Penicillium simplicissimum will grow in the presence of electronic scrap(S.Gouma et al.,2014,Yangvang Wang et al.,2014,Song Jin et al.,2014,John Geraldine Sandana Mala et al.,2014.). The formation of inorganic and organic acids caused the mobilization of metals. Both fungal strains were able to mobilize Cu and Su by 65%, and Al, Ni, Pb, and Zn by more than 95%. Thiobacilli were able to leach more than
90% of the available Cu, Zn, Ni, and Al. Pb precipitated as PbSO4 while Sn precipitated probably as SnO.

Phytoremediation for Electronic waste: Phytoremediation might be a cost effective choice complementary to engineering based approaches. Phytoremediation is making use of vegetation for the treatment of soil, sediment, and water, which has been utilized successfully in sites contaminated by PCBs and other organic pollutants which is a harmful metal in E- Waste.(Hongyan Liu et al.,2014,Wojciech Dmuchowaki et al.,2014).


In the multi-component bioremediation which includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon(PAH) degrading bacteria such as (Acinetobacter sp.), (Glomus mosseae) and ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum), AMF(Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi) significantly improves the growth of PAH-degrading bacteria and increased peroxidase activities in soil(Hutchinson et al.,2003,Nan Xiao et al.,2014). Interactions of ryegrass with AMF or PAH degrading bacteria significantly accelerates the dissipation of phenanthrene (PHE) and pyrene(PYR) from soil. There will be a potential for the development of a multicomponent phytoremediation system for PAH contaminated soil, involving PAH degrading bacteria, AMF and plant(Nan Xiao et al.,2014,Chen et al,2003).
Comparing the phytoremediation potential of four plant species (rice, alfalfa, ryegrass and tall fescue ) for PCBs contaminated soil from Taizhou city, which is one of the largest e-waste recycling centers in china. Higher PCBs removal percentages of 25.6-28.5% in rizosphere soil were observed after 120 days, compared with those of the nonrhizosphere(10.4-16.9%) and unplanted controls(7.3%)(Wu Qing et al.,2014).So that it can be effectively used for the neutralization of hazardous components such as PCBs.

5.5 E-waste recycling in India

India, with over 1.267 billion people, is the second most populous country in the world(World bank 2014).India is one of the fastest growing economies of the world. Unfortunately, economic growth and environmental protection indicators are at odds with one another. A report by a New Delhi based NGO, Toxics Link, on computer waste, estimated that in India business and individual households make approximately 1.38 million personal computers obsolete every year. There is also a large quantity of e-waste from manufacturing in the form of defective printed wiring boards, IC chips and other components discarded in the production process.
In India waste collectors pay consumers a positive price for their obsolete appliances (D.Sinha- Khetriwal et al, 2005). The waste collectors sell their collections to traders who aggregate and sort different kinds of waste and then sell in to recyclers, who recover the precious metals.
The entire industry is based on a network which consists of (a) collectors who collects E-Waste from primary generators such as offices, manufactures, organized market and importers.(b) traders who buy the E-Waste from collectors (c) Recyclers who dismantles waste for the reuse and precious metal extraction. Each has added values, and creating jobs, at every point in the chain. As the volume of e-waste has grown, some waste processors focus only on e-waste. Since a low level of initial investment is required to start a collection, dismantling, sorting or recovery business, it is attractive for small entrepreneurs to join the industry (D.Sinha- Khetriwal et
al, 2005).
The main motive for the entrepreneurs is financial profit, not environmenta
l or social awareness.
But the trade
and recycling alliances provide employment
to many
groups of

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 23

ISSN 2229-5518

people (Baud et al,2001).E-waste recycling has become a profitable business, flourishing as an unorganized sector, mainly as backyard workshops (Empa, 2004).

For Delhi, study estimates the number of unskilled workers in recycling and recovering operations to be atleast 10,000 people (Empa 2004). The biggest drawback of the current Indian recycling system is the uncontrolled emission of hazardous toxics that are going into the air, water and soil. The health hazards from fumes, ashes and harmful chemicals affect not only the
workers who come into contact with the e-waste, but also the environment.
The figure 1 below gives the flow chart showing the flow of E-Waste from orgin to destination during recycling process from primary generators to tertiary generators(MoEF 2008).

Recycling

Primary generators

Manufactures

Offices Organized

market

Importers

Secondary

Generators

Scrapdealers, Dismantlers

IJSER © 2015

Component wise dismantlihnttpg://wpwrwo.icjseesr.osr,geg.Dismantling of
CRT,PCB, plastic and glass from e-waste

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 24

ISSN 2229-5518

Tertiary
generators

Metal extraction Plastic extraction Electronic item extraction

Fig: 1 Flow chart showing the flow of E-Waste from origin to destination during recycling

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 25

ISSN 2229-5518

5.6 E-waste recycling challenges in India


The biggest drawback of the current Indian recycling system is the uncontrolled emission of hazardous toxics that are going into the air, water and soil (D.Sinha- Khetriwal et al,2005).As per Sinha-Khetriwal, the hazards from the fumes, ashes and harmful chemicals affect not only the workers who come into contact with the E-waste, but also the environment. Over 95% of the E-waste handled by untrained workers without personal protective equipment during recycling. As global
hazardous waste always flows from orgin to destinations with weaker environmental regulations, the dirty side of its recycling processes has to be properly noted. The policy should be designed and find out the effective ways to improve job quality in the recycling industry in India.( Empa et al 2004,D. Sinha-Khetriwal et al,2005). Figure 2 shows the challenges faced by India in managing E-waste (S.B Wath 2010).
Eco-friendly recovery solutions
Precious
metals, base metals
Scientific
Challenges
Recyclables for reuse
Disposal of waste after processing
Plastics,Glass
Size & Toxic reduction
E-waste challenges
Engineering
Challenges
Scientific collection
,transport, handling,
Integrated/distributed processing facilities
Feasible techno-economic solutions
Involvement of
SMEs,NGOs
Unorganized to organized
Processing,Recycl ing,Recovery
Organizational
challenges
Categorization of E-waste
Organization and structuring E-
Waste management system
Training and awareness of safety ,health
and environment.
Fig 2: Flow chart showing the E-Waste challenges faced by India during E-Waste management

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 26

ISSN 2229-5518

5.6 Formal and Informal methods of recycling

Formal method of recycling has to be undertaken in an effective way so that it will be beneficial to the unorganized sectors. The table 4 given below discusses about the difference between present informal method of recycling system adopted in India and a formal method of Recycling.

Table 4: Difference between present informal method of recycling system adopted in India and a formal method of Recycling. Source(research unit, Rajyasabha secretriate, New Delhi,2011)

6 Findings

• E-waste should not be combined with unsorted municipal waste destined for landfills because electronic waste can contain different substances, many of which are toxic, such as lead, mercury, arsenic, cadmium, etc.
• Bioremediation might be an environmental friendly and fruitful method complementary to engineering based approaches which is also a effective solution for environmental Sustainability.
• Informal recycling leads to uncontrolled emission of hazardous toxics that are going into the air, water and soil. The health hazards from fumes, ashes and harmful chemicals affect not only the workers who come

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 27

ISSN 2229-5518

into contact with the e-waste, but also the environment.
• As global hazardous waste always flows from origin to destinations with weaker environmental regulations, the dirty side of its recycling processes would never be properly addressed.
• A policy should be designed and find out the effective ways to improve job quality in the recycling industry in India. A formal method of recycling will be a better option.

7 Conclusion

The problem of E-waste is growing tremendously not only in India but all over the world. Improper handling and management of e-waste during recycling and other end-of-life treatment options may develop potentially significant risks to both human health and environment. In India consumers is expected to receive payment for their E-waste, which is viewed as a potentially valuable resource. If management of E-waste is properly carried out, is an opportunity as it is often called as “urban mining”. Bioremediation methods can improve the scenario of current treatment practices available for e- waste. Current informal method of E-waste management in India is causing risks that could to a large extent, and this could be rectified by using a formal method of E- waste recycling.

Acknowledgment

I humbly wish to express my sincere gratitude to the Civil Engineering Department of PSG College of Technology, Coimbatore for their moral and technical support for publication of these findings.

References

[1] Agarwal R, Ranjan R,Sankar P,Scrapping the high-tech myth:Computer waste in India, New Delhi.Toxics Link;2003

[2] Ahluwalia, P.K Nema, A K 2007,A life cycle based multi objective optimization for the management of computer waste. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 51 792-826.

[3] Andrea Ollo-Lopez , M.Elena Aramendia- Muneta, ICT Impact on Competitiveness, innovation and environment, Telematics and Informatics 29(2012) 204-

210.

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

[4] Asante K.A, Agusa ,T Biney, C.A Agyekum,W.a Bello,M.Otsuka,M. Itai,T Takahashi,S,Tanabe S,2012,Multi-Trace element levels and arsenic spatiation in urine of e-waste recycling workers from Agbogbloshie,Accra in Ghana science of total Env ironment 424, 63-73.

[5] Baud I, Grafakos S,Hordjik M, Post J, Quality of life and alliances in solid waste management, Cities 2001:18(1):3-12.

[6] Bisma Malik ,Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah, Inavatullah Tahir, Tanvir ul Hassan Dar, Rejaz Ul Rehman, 2015 Chapter 5- Phytoremediation: An eco- friendly green technology for pollution prevention, Soil Remediation and Plants,: 107-129.

[7] Bisma Malik, Tanveer Bilal Pirzadah, Inavatullah Tahir, Tanvir ui Hassan Dar, Rejaz Ul Rehman, 2015, Chapter 6-Recent Trends and Approaches in Phytoremediation .Soil Remediation and Plants,:131-

146.

[8] Chen.D., Bi,X. Zhao J.,Chen L,Tan J.,Mai B

,Sheng,G. Pu. J., Wong M, 2009,Pollution categorization and diurnal variation of PBDES in the atmosphere of e- waste dismantling region. Environmental pollution 157:

1051-1057.

[9] Deepali Sinha-Khetriwal, Philipp Kraeuchi, Markus Schwaninger, A comparison of electronics waste recycling in Switzerland and in India, Environment Impact Assessment Review 25 (2005) 492-

504.

[10] Desrochers P. Industrial symbiosis: the case for market coordination. Journal of Cleaner Production 2004;12:110.

[11] Dinesh Mani, Chitranjan Kumar, Niraj Kumar Patel, Integrated micro-biochemical approach for phytoremediation of cadmium and zinc contaminated soils.Exotoxicology and Environmental Safety 111 (2015)

86-95

[12] Empa, E-waste pilot study in Delhi: Knowledge partnership with developing and transcation countries.St Gallen;Empa :2004 http://www.ewaste.ch/.

[13] EU Waste electric and electronic equipment;2004 http://europa.eu.int/comm/environment/waste/weee-

inde x.

[14] EU, 2002.Directive 2002/96/EC of the European Parliament and the council of 27 January 2003 on waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment(WEEE) in official Journal of European Union(Ed) L037:00-0024-39.

[15] EU,2011.Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and the council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electric and electronic equipment. In: Official journal of the European Union (Ed),pp.L174/88-L174/110.

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 28

ISSN 2229-5518

[16] Gouma.S, Fragoeiro.S, Bastos A.C, N.Magan, 13-Bacterial and Fungal Bioremediation Strategies(2014),301-323.

[17] Hongyan Liu, Fanbo Meng, Yindong Tong, Jie Chi,Effect of plant density on phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons contaminated sediments with Vallisneria spiralis.(2014):380-385.

[18] Hutchinson,

J.M.,Whiteley,H.E.,Smith,C.D., & Connors,L.(2003) ‘The developmental progression of comprehension-related skills in children learning EAL’ Journal of research in reading,26(1),19-32.

[19] Jing Zhang, Xiong – jiang Liang, Promoting Green ICT in China: A frame work based on innovation system approaches, Telecommunications Policy 36(2012)

997-1013

[20] John Geraldine Sandana Mala, Dhanasingh Sujatha, Chellan Rose,Inducible chromate reductase exhibiting extracellular activity in Bacillus methylotrophicus for chromium.(2014)

[21] Joseph K., Electronic waste management in India-issues and strategies, Eleventh International Waste Management and Landfill Symposium, Sardinia, (2007).

[22] Kasassi A, Rakimbei P, Karagiannidisn A, Zabaniotou A, Tsiouvaras K,Nsatis A, Tzafeiropoulou K,2008, Soil contamination by heavy metals:measurements from a closed unlined landfill. Bioresource technology 99,8578-8584.

[23] MAIT, “E-Waste growth in India”(online).

Available: http://mait.com/e-waste.

[24] Maria-Chrysovalantou Emmanouil, Emmanouil Stiakakis, Maria Vlachopoulou, Vasiliki Manthou, An analysis of waste flows in an ICT waste management system.Procedia Technology 8 (2013)157-

164.

[25] Mo EF (Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt of India, Hazardous wastes Management and handling) Amendment rules,2003, entry into force 23

May 2003, http://envfor.nic.in/legis/hsm/so593e.pdf.

hydrocarbon(PAH)-Contaminated soil, Ecological

Engineering volume 75,(2015) 384-391.

[29] OECD 2001,Extended Producer Responsibility: A Guidance Manual for Governments, OECD, Paris, France.

[30] Orooj Sumya, Saveda Sarah Saleem, Kinza Wagar, Alvina Gul Kazi,Chapter 1- Phytoremediation of soils:Prospects and Challenges.2014 September:1-36

[31] Pameela Hawla, Neelu Jain,Estimation of wastes generated from obsolete Personal computers in India,Vol 3,(2012),

[32] Peeranart Kiddee, Ravi Naidu, M ing H.

Wong, Electronic waste management Approaches: An

Overview,Waste Management,33(2013) 1237-1250.

[33] Pinto,E-waste Hazard, Indian Journal of

Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 2008 August;

12(2): 65-70.

[34] Puckett,j. Smith T.2002.Exporting harm the high-tech trashing of Asia.In Coalition,S.V.T(Ed).

[35] Qasim, S.R Chiang W,1994.Sanitory Landfill Leachate. Generation contrill and Treatment CRC press, The united States of America.

[36] Shalabh Agarwal, E-Waste Challenge is an Emerging Challenge in the Globe: A Pilot Study in Indian Scenario, International Journal 0f Innovative Research in Advanced Engineering, Volume 1, Issue 4(May 2014).

[26] MoEF(Ministry of Environment and Forest, Govt of India ,central pollution control board ) Amendment rules,2007,entry into force 12 March 2008.

[27] Muhammad Sabir, Muhammad Zia-ur- Rehman, Khalid Rehman Hakeem, Saifullah, Chapter 17- Phytoremediation of Metal-Contaminated Soils Using Organic Amendments:Soil Remediation and Plants,(2014)

503-523.

[28] Nan Xiao, Rui Liu, Caixia Jin, Yuanyuan Dai,Efficiency of five ornamental plant species in the phytoremediation of polycyclic aromatic

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 3, March-2015 29

ISSN 2229-5518

[37] Sharma Pramila, Fulekar M.H. and Pathak Bhawana, Research Journal of Recent Sciences, E-wasre- A challenge for tomorrow,Vol.1(3), 86-93,March 2012.

[38] Shinkuma T.,Nguyen Thi Minh H.,2009,The flow of e-waste material in the Asian region and a reconsideration of international trade policies on e- waste.Environmental Impact Assesment review 29, 25-31.

[39] Song Jin, Paul H. Fallgren,16-Feasibility of Using Bioelectrochemical Systems for Bioremediation(2014).

[40] S.O No. 1035(E), [12/05/2011]-E-Waste

Management and Handling Rules 2011.

[41] Sudhir K Shukla, Neelam Mangwami, T.Subba Rao, Surajit Das,8-Biofilm-Mediated Bioremediation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation(2014),203-232.

[42] Surajit Das, Hirak R Dash,1-Microbial Bioremediation: A Potential Tool for Restoration of Contaminated Areas,Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation(2014),1-21.

[43] Sushant B. wath, P.S Dutt.T, Charabarti, E- waste scenario in India, its management and implications, Environment Monit Assess(2011)172:249-262.

[44] Valerie J. Brown, Hazardous Waste: Electronics, Lead and Landfills, Environmental Health Perspectives: September 2004; 112(13), A734.

[45] Wang T,Luo C,Li.,J Yin,H.,Li,X.,Zhang,G.,2011.Characterization of PBDE S in soils and vegetations near an E-waste recycling site in south china. Environmental pollution 159,2443-2448.

[46] Widmer R, Lombard R,2005,E-waste Assessment in South Africa a case study of the Gauteng Province.EMPA,pp.1-62.

[47] Widmer R, Oswald-Krapf H, Sinha- Khetriwal.D, Schnellmann M, Boni H,2005,Global perspectives on e-waste,Environmental Impact Assesment Review 25,436-458.

[48] Wu Qing, Wang Xue-fer, Li Yun, Zhao Hua-bing, Sen Peng, Response of Rhizosphere bacterial diversity to phytoremediation of Ni contaminated sediments.

[49] Worldbank, World development indicators Database; 2014 data. worldbank.org/country/india.

[50] Yangyang Wang, Bing Peng, Zhihui Yang, Liyuan Chai, Qi Liao, Zhi Zhang, Chuang Li,Bacterial community dynamics during bioremediation of Cr(V1)- contaminated soil.(2014),

[51] Zhang S., Forssberg E.,1997.Mechanical separation-oriented characterization of electronic scrap, Resources, Conservation and Recycling 21,247-259.

IJSER © 2015 http://www.ijser.org