The research paper published by IJSER journal is about Amina I. Saddik, Nafi’u Tijjani and Bilyaminu Alhassan 1
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ABSTRACT W ind power is one of the untapped renewable energy resources in Nigeriawhich requires government, private and individual’s participation to harness it, the utilization of this type of energy has been minimal in the country despite the abundance of its enormous resources in different part of the country. The wind speed in the southern and northern Nigeria ranges from 1.4 to 3.0 m/s and 4.0 to 5.12 m/s respectively. Apart from its environmental friendliness, it’s also one of the lowest priced renewable energy technologies available today costing betw een 4-6 cent/KWh depending upon the wind resource and project finance. W indmills were used in Nigeria as early as the mid 1960s, in Sokoto and Garo over 20 homes and schools used windmills to pump water. The following decades saw the prices of fossil fuels drop and therefore with cheap energy, wind power was not an appealing alternative, investment in windmills ceased and the infrastructure deteriorated. Research into the feasibility of wind power in certai n regions has suggested the potential for this type of energy sources for power generation, this paper review the situation of win d power in Nigeria and world in general, prospects of wind power and existing wind power project in Nigeria, their location, year of installation, capacity a nd current situation of the projects. From the review, only four existing project were found in th e whole country A 5.0 KW /hWind Power Project in Sayya Gidan-Gada Sokoto, 0.75
KW /h Danjawa Village, 1KW /h, Hybrid W ind-Solar in NCCE, Benin, and finally A 10 MW Wind farm under construction in katsina state.
KEYWORDS: Electricity Generation, Horizontal Wind Turbine, Renewable Energy, Vertical Wind Turbine Wind farm.
wind turbines. However, difficulties in obtaining spare parts for models, which were no longer being
Wind is a natural phenomenon related to the movement of air masses caused primarily by the differential solar heating of the earth surface. Wind energy, a renewable energy source, is an alternative form of energy, which has stood out as the most valuable and promising choice. This is not only due to the fact that wind energy has a decentralized mode of operation that reduces transmission and distribution failures, but also because it is cheap, environmentally friendly, inexhaustible, price stable, free from control and virtually available in every part of the nation in some quantity [1]. If the mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stone, the machine is usually called a wind mill. If the mechanical power is converted to electricity, the machine is called a wind generator, wind turbine, wind power unit (WPU) or wind energy converter [1]. The wind turbines can be installed in a wind farm (an array of wind turbines) creating a wind power station, with hundreds of megawatt. Wind energy conversion
systems are available in a wide range of sizes and can fit almost any applicationfor power production purposes [2].The various wind generator projects in Nigeria were neglected in the last decade due to increasing popularity and low price of crude oil. In recent times, the high price of Petroleum products leads to attempt at restructuring these
manufactured, hindered the restoration. Also, some other
factors that led to the failure of past wind generators are the
assessment of wind energy potentials, feasibility studies on wind energy utilization, inadequate wind data base used as
the bases for designing and building different prototypes that need to be considered in reducing locally manufactured windmills[3].In remote or rural areas, where purchased electricity is simply unavailable, wind energy may well be the only alternative. The use of wind energy will be suitable for rural farming companies that require lighting and some limited supply of electricity, which will be costly to get due to the location of farms. The use of wind power for the supply of electricity broadens the energy base and reduces environmental pollution [3]. It is particularly practical if it can be made economically competitive with conventional energy sources. It has been shown that in areas with annual mean wind speed of 3.5-
4.0 m sec-1 or greater, wind power systems can usually
deliver electricity or pump water at costs lower than photovoltaic, diesels, or grid-extension[4].
The most common wind power generators are called windmills, or wind turbines. These have two major build types that distinguish them from each other. The first and most recognizable is the horizontal axis windmill, which has propeller blades similar to that of an airplane. The other type of wind power generator is the vertical axis wind turbine that is generally used in residential areas and for personal production of power.
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The research paper published by IJSER journal is about Amina I. Saddik, Nafi’u Tijjani and Bilyaminu Alhassan 2
ISSN 2229-5518
Specifically in regions with an adequate wind presence, the amount of potential power is dictated by the size of the windmill. Windmills vary in size with small windmills
Table 1: Top Ten Wind Power Countries
Source:
used to pump water or provide power for cooking and
refrigeration. Medium windmills provide electricity for one or more homes. Large windmills or utility scale windmills are capable of providing power for entire communities.
Often these larger windmills are connected to a mini-grid as to reduce the overall necessity for fossil fuels.
Worldwide there are now many thousands of wind turbines operating, with a total capacity of 194,400 MW [5]. Europe accounted for 48% of the total in 2009. World wind generation capacity more than quadrupled between 2000 and 2006, doubling about every three years. Wind power accounts for approximately 24% of electricity use in Denmark, 15% in Portugal, 14% in Spain, 10% in The Republic of Ireland, and 9 1/2% in Germany [5,10], Table 1 present the top ten wind power countries in the world.
Nigeria falls into the poor/moderate wind regime with a generally weak wind speed in the South except for the coastal regions and offshore, which are windy7. Wind speed ranges from 1.0-5.1 m s-1 at 10 m altitude (classified as >4.0 , 3.1-4.0, 2.1-3.0 and 1.0-2.0 m s-1). The most attractive sites are the coastal areas, the offshore states, namely Lagos, Ondo, Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa, Akwa -Ibom, the inland hilly regions of the North, the mountain terrains in the middle belt and the northern part of the country [5,
11]. Peak wind speeds are experienced between April and August for most sites except in the offshore which have strong winds throughout the year. Total actual exploitable wind energy reserve may range from 8 MWh/Year in Yola to 51 MWh/Year on Jos Plateau and 97 MWh year-1 in
Sokoto [5]. Contribution of wind energy to the total energy consumption has been very insignificant. The first wind farm is to be built in Katsina and will be commissioned in
2011 with a capacity of 10 MW. Prior to this project, the two pilot wind electricity projects in existence have been the 5
kWp Sayya Gidan-Gada and a 0.75 kWp wind electricity project atDanjawa villagesokoto, respectively[6,9].
Only
20% of
the nation’s hydro- power potential is tapped for use, and the amount
of solarradiation in the country is about 5.5KW-hr/m2-day
[9]8, representing hugeprospect for energy generation if a total capacity can be developed for that purpose. Despitethis infrastructure energy supply has remained grossly inadequate. The four refineries inthe country operate at about 30% of their installed capacity of 445,000 bpd [7]. Domestic consumption is buffered with importation, making the energy need of the nation tend towards state of crisis. The nation has been reported to have high utilizable potential capacity for wind energy. Research data for stations in the geopolitical from different stations five zones showed that Nigeria has potential for wind power generation, which rank in the order north, central, south-east, south-south and south-west respectively [8,12]. Offshore areas in the coastline area of the country such as Lagos, Ondo, Delta, Rivers, Bayelsa and AkwaIbom States also have potentials forharvesting strong wind energy from the lagoon and ocean throughout the year [7].
The existing winds power projects, their location, year of installation, capacity and current situation are presented in Table 1.
S/N | Location | Year of Installation | Capacity | Current Situation |
1 | Sayya Gidan-Gada, Sokoto State. | 1988 | 5 KW/h | Working |
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2 | Dan-Jawa Village, Sokoto. | N.A | 0.75 KW/h | Working |
3 | Katsina, Katsina State | 2012 | 10 KW/h | Under Construction |
4 | Energy research center, Benin | N.A | 1kw/h | working |
Key: N.A: Not Available
grid, creating adequate mix of energy from the different sources and having a compact energy development process which will be suitable, sustainable, constantly available, environmentally friendly and economically viable in the long term national energy plan.
REFERENCE
1) E.J Bala and G.Y Pam, 2004: Mathematical representation of actual power O/P of four wind turbine generators. Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy 2004: Vol. 1 & 2
10 kilowatt system may go for 80000 to 120000 dollars [].
This is a very substantial wind turbine system requiring a
90- to 120-foot tower [11, 12].
In view of the erratic supply of electricity in Nigeria and the near non-existence of power supply in the rural centers, the need for alternative energy source cannot be neglected and as such, wind turbine technology plays a vital role in contributing to the search as an alternative source. The country most has a well-rounded energy mix, mixing the availablerenewable energy with the non-renewable fossil fuel. The gas being flared at the different crude oil refining sites can be used to generate abundant electric power for the nation instead of the wastage and deleterious impact of its burning on the environment. The government therefore needs to develop capacities and infrastructure for harvesting wind for power generation from sites within regions having high wind capacity, trapping the abundant solar energy freely available in the nation, increase the capacities of the present hydro-power stations and also establish various power stations that will use the natural gas from crude oil exploitation to drive turbines for electricity generation. When this is done, the result will then be to feed all the energy generated into the national
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2) D.A. Fadare, (2008), a Statistical Analysis of Wind Energy Potential in Ibadan, Nigeria, Based on Weibull Distribution Function, The Pacific Journal of Science and Technology Volume 9. Number 1. (http://www.akamaiuniversity.us/PJST.htm).
3) Ojosu, J.O., 1989. Wind energy characteristics and availability for design of wind energy conversion systems in Nigeria. Nig. J. Solar Energy, 8: 12-23.
4) Ojo, A.O. and O. Bamigbetan, 2008. Design analysis and modeling of a wind turbine. Bachelor of Engineering (B. Eng.) Project, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria, pp: 12-24.
5) http://www.sciencedaily.com/articles/w/wind_
power.htm
6) Sambo, A.S., 2005. Renewable energy for rural development. The Nigerian Perspective. http://www.afrepren.org/Pubs/rerural.htm.
The research paper published by IJSER journal is about Amina I. Saddik, Nafi’u Tijjani and Bilyaminu Alhassan 4
ISSN 2229-5518
7) Ajayi, O. O. and Ajanaku, K. O., Nigeria’s energy challenge and power development the way forward, bulletin of science association of Nigeria vol. 28 (2007) 1-3).
8) Renewable Energy Master Plan (ECN), Nov.2005
9) Olayinka S. Ohunakin,2010, Energy Utilization and Renewable Energy Sources in Nigeria, Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, vol. 5,issue2, Pg-171-177
10) E.E Iheonu, F.O.A Akingbabe and M. Ocholi; Wind Resource Variations over selected sites in the West African Sub-Region: Nigerian Journal of Renewable Energy 2002: Vol. 1 & 2.
11) Mathews N, 1998; Changes for the better on the way: Wind Power Monthly 14(5):26-27.
12) Ogbonnaya I. Okoro, E, Chikuni and P. Gvender,
2007: Prospects of Wind Energy in Nigeria.
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