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This article is taken from my M.phil thesis which title was (“War on terror and its impact on pakistan’s Youth: A case study of union council Bazid Khel, KPK”). I have done my M.phil in Pakistan Study (2014) from University of Karachi, Pakistan.

AUTHOR(S) PROFILE

1. Name (First Author): Mazhar Ali

i. Gender: male

ii. Educational Qualification (Highest degree only): m.phil iii.Complete designation: Student

2. Name of the second author: Dr.Shoaib Ahmed

(No need of separate sheet):

i. Gender: male

ii. Educational Qualification (Highest degree only): P.hd

iii.Complete designation:HOD, Department Of Humanities Liberal Arts ,Foundation University,

Rawalpandi

3. Name of the second author: Muhammad Aqeel

(No need of separate sheet):

iv. Gender: Female

v. Educational Qualification (Highest degree only): M.PHIL

Complete designation:Lecturer , department of psychology, Foundation University, Rawalpandi

4.

5. Address for Communication: MUHAMMAD AQEEL Mohallah Qazian wala house no. 355 near

telephone exchange ,Toba Tek Singh, Pakistan: pin Code:36050

6. Mobile Number: +92 334 6278961

7. E-mail ID :

(Editorial comments will be sent through email only)

I/We declare that this article is my/our original research work and has not published/ submitted in any

journal/book/conference or seminar proceedings. I/We agree the copyright terms and conditions of this

Journal.

Date: Signature of the First Author

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“War on terror and its impact on Pakistan’s Youth: A case study of union council Bazid Khel, KPK”

Mazhar Ali , Dr.Shoaib Ahmed, Muhammad aqeel

Mazhar Ali, M.Phil (Scholar) Pakistan Study Center,University of Karachi, Pakistan.

Dr. SHOAIB AHMED, Department Of Humanities Liberal Arts ,Foundation University, Rawalpandi

Muhammad Aqeel, department of psychology, Foundation University, Rawalpandi

Abstract

The study was conducted to know the impacts of the war on terror on social, economic, business, agricultural and especially its socio-psychological repercussions on educated youth of the local community. The main objectives of the study work are to know about the socio psychological impacts of WoT on the people of District Peshawar “UC Bazid Khel”. To highlight the destructions caused by the terrorist acts in infrastructure, health sector and particularly in educational sector. The study is also aimed at exploring the losses of the local peoples’ in agriculture sector and business including impacts of war on terror on common people (layman, government servants and students).Data was collected through questionnaires from the respondents’ i.e. educationalists, politicians, local leaders, religious scholars, government officials, civilians and the participants of war on terror against the banned terrorist group, Lashkar-e-Islam.The study was undertaken to highlights the impacts of War on Terror on the educated youth and to provide suggestions / feedback to government / non- governmental organizations (NGOs) about the situation in the target area to take practical steps in order to normalize the situation.Major finding of the research shows that most of the people of the area are employed in agriculture, doing government service, businesses and receiving foreign remittances from their near and dear ones from abroad. The research also shows that the situation has affected the social fabric of society, health facilities, infrastructure, education and agriculture of the areas. The research further revealed that militants killed the politician, tribal elders or khans, and government’s employees, army personnel, WAPDA personnel, LHVs and other prominent community members as well as banned recreational and traditional
activities. The terrorists have their own agenda irrespective of Islam or nationalism.

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INTRODUCTION

This subdivision deals with review to conceptual clearance of theoretical framework and highlight socio-psychological impacts related to War on Terror (WoT), particularly on Pakistanis youth and generally on the whole society.

Terrorism: To commence, it looks pertinent to outline the term terrorism and learn at its etymology1. Terror comes from the Latin word terrere, which implies “frighten” or “tremble.” whereas isme is French word which means “to practice”, by combining these 2 words is give the meaning of “practicing the trembling” or “causing the frightening”. The word terror is regarding 2100 years previous. In ancient Rome, the terror cimbricus was a state of panic and emergency in response to the approaching of the Cimbre Tribe killers in 105 B.C 1 (Burgess 2003). The word “terrorism” was coined throughout the French Revolution’s “Reign of Terror” (1793-94). Within this Terror’s Reign, a gaggle of rebel referred to as the Jacobines, used this term for themselves (Matusitz 2013). Terrorism is considered to be a very confusing term. Divergent views are available about this term, that is, one person’s terrorism is another person’s freedom fight. Terrorism means to “violate or to go against the
socially accepted norms or to misuse them” (Oxford English Dictionary 2008). It is the unofficial or unauthorized use of violence2 and intimidation in the pursuit of political aims. Terrorism may be described as a “strategy of violence against the government” (Charles 2002). According to Michael Terrorism is the state of fear created through the act of violence” (Michael 2007).
War on Terror (WoT). It is also called Global War on Terrorism (Dobrot. 2007). Academically it's thought the foremost difficult task to outline terrorism as a minimum acceptable term. Similarly, the war against terrorism can’t be outlined in a very single word or sentence. To find what War on Terror (WoT) is, it is important to look at the etymology of this expression. On September 16, 2001 at Camp David, the former president of the United States George W Bush coined this phrase “war on terror” (CNN 2001) for the first time. This term was used for the military campaign

1The etymology of a word refers to its origin and historical development: that's, its earliest proverbial use, its transmission from one language to a different, and its changes in kind and that means. Etymology is the branch of linguistics that studies word histories (Greenburg and Ruhlen 2007).

2 Violence is an extreme form of aggression, such as assault, rape or murder. (association 2014).

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led by US, UK with the support of NATO and non-NATO countries to eliminate Al- Qaeda3 and their supporter organizations (Record 2003). In March 2009, the Department of Defense4 changed its name officially from as “Global War on Terror” to the “Overseas Contingency Operations” (Belasco 2011).

Research Problem

It has been observed that war on terror has negative socio-psychological impacts (Hussain 2013) on Pakistani youth. WoT adversely affected education, health, agriculture, and socio fabric of the community. It has seen that we, the government and the educationists are providing hatchery5 to both terrorism and to the War on Terror.

Background of the Study

Bazid Khel is strategically an important territory. It’s a front line region against terrorists particularly those are entering Peshawar via Dara Adam Khel, Tehsil Bara, North and South Waziristan. The terrorists infiltrate from the tribal areas especially Bara. They cross Bara River.6 Two Bridges have been constructed on the river in UC Bazid Khel. The people of Bazid Khel never let the members of Lashkar-i-Islam to cross these bridges.
The people of this area are united against the terrorists and form their own group, named Aman Lashkar Bazid Khel. This Aman Lashkar was formed in response

3 Alternatively spelled al -Qaida, a global militant religionist organization based by Osama bin Laden in Peshawar, in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, between August 1988 and late 1989, with its origins being traceable to the Soviet War in Islamic State of Afghanistan. It operates as a network comprising international, stateless army and radical Muslim movement career for international Jihad and a strict interpretation of sharia law. (Al-Qaeda 2013).

4 The mission of the United States Department of Defense is to provide the military forces needed to deter war and to protect the security of US. The department's headquarters is at the Pentagon, United State. It is abbreviated as DoD, it formulate the defense policies, organizations, functions and

operations. (DoD 2013). DoD is the federal office of the govt of the us charged

with coordinating and superintendence all agencies and functions of the govt involved directly with national security and also the us military.

5 A hatchery is a facility where eggs are hatched under non-natural circumstances, particularly those of fish or poultry.

6 Bara River is a stream in Khyber Agency and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. The Bara stream

originates within the Tirah vale of Bara Tehsil, Khyber Agency. It joins the kabul watercourse Canal that originates from the Warsak Dam, and enters Peshawar. Then it flows within the North-easterly direction to the Nowshera District, eventually combine the kabul river close to Camp Koruna, Akbarpura. Because of its higher elevation, terribly restricted areas flow through gravity into Bara River (Research survey 2011).

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of Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI). LeI is a banned terrorist group based in Sepayo Area, Tehsil Bara of Khyber Agency. The group is headed by Mangal Bagh, Hundreds of people including the political leaders and heads of Aman Lashkar have been killed during the last few years in target killings and bomb blasts. Two year before, in 2009, head of
the Aman Lashkar Sardar Abdul Malik of Mattani7 was also killed in a suicide attacks
by terrorists. In a same incident, 80 persons were killed in the twin blasts in the funerals in Mattani area (Siasitv 2012). According to the Daily Mushriq and The Daily Aaaj Peshawar, ten attacks were carried out to kill Nazim of UC Bazid Khel. “Three suicides and seven other attacks have been conducted on Nazim Faheem killing 48 persons in total and injured more than hundred peoples” (Killing of Aman Lashkar sarbara 2012) . It is considered that the peoples of this area have given a lot of sacrifices for the restoration of peace in the locality against the banned LeI. In fact the fight of the dwellers of this area against the terrorists was a part of that war on terror which were being committed by the government of Pakistan (GoP).
These activities frightened the local people of these UCs as well from the Islamic extremists on one hand, and weakened their trust and belief in the government institutions and officials on the other. The crushing adventures whether in the name of talibanization or the operations against the terrorists in Bara Tehsil of Khyber agency left the common people with no option other than suspecting the intentions of the government and secret agencies of the country as well as abroad. In this situation, the socio-economic and socio-psychological uplift of the rural community suffered a lot and consequently some of the local population had to migrate from their villages to nearby locations in the settled area of district Peshawar. These situations negatively impact the education of the youth and weakened the social fabric of society.

Significance of the Study

7 Sardar Abdul Malik neck name Malikay was the former head and Nazim of Union Council Village Mattani, Peshawar. He was contemporary to Nazim Faheem. He was the Head of Aman Lashker Mattani as well.

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All over the world managing terrorism, counter terrorism and war against terror is one of the most challenging tasks taken up by the human race. Terrorism in any shape is worse and it requires great efforts to deal with it. Millions of people suffer due to terrorism in every nook and corner of the world. Mankind needs to find ways and means to deal with terrorism. Practitioners, experts, publishers highlighted the different concept and issues related to these terror, generate survey reports, provide solutions and suggest training in different areas regarding counter terrorism and war on terror. The studies shows that proactive approach is needed to overcome the greater loss and counter the terrorism in better ways. However, the reactive approach reveals the true picture. For the war on terror, a comprehensive policy is needed at the national levels in order to manage the affectees, who lose everything in these terrible events. It is really hard to control terrorism but still arrangements can be made to minimize the loss of human beings in any shape whether it is physical or socio-psychological.
During the war against terror between Aman Lashkar and LeI, it has been observed that the performance of the local people and non-governmental sector in managing counter terrorism is far better than that of government sector, besides there was a lack of coordination between both the sectors. However, neither the government nor the non-government sectors (Local Lashkars) have the ability to deal with such tragic events of terrorism. A comprehensive strategy needs to be evolved, which defines the role of government in addressing and consolidating the funds for the affectees in result of war against terror.
This research work will enhance the knowledge of the people about the participation of the Aman Lashkars in the war against terrorism at macro level in general and specifically the sacrifices done by the Aman Lashkar Bazid Khel at micro level. This research will reveal a true picture to guide the government to revisit its policies about the WoT to avert or at least minimize the sufferings of innocent peoples. The government and the law enforcement agencies can make their policies on the bases of this research to curb terrorism and establish the writ of the government in all the area of KP. The government can make effective policies in education to improve the literacy rate in the war affected areas on the bases of the result of this
research work and in this way they can stop the youth to become the hatchery of

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terrorism. The maps which have been developed by the scholar in this thesis can help the government to design their strategic line against the terrorists and can make the moral of the people high.
Vast area of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has been badly affected by the recent events of terrorism. Business had to face an irreparable loss. Population living in these areas had to watch their houses blown up. Such were the miseries of these people. And then came the response by Government institutes. Sometime the government’s stakeholders were swift but in few cases their response had to be awaited for long. This Case Study is an effort to highlight the impacts of the terrorism and war on terror on youth in UCs Bazid Khel of KP region. Here it must be emphasized that, influence of the said misfortune and response to it was more or less the same all over Pakistan.

Method

This research aims to evaluate the educational impact of war on terror on the
Pakistanis youth in the UC Bazid Khel, District Peshawar. It is based upon the

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assumption that terrorism as well as war against terrorism adversely affects the socio- psychological behavior of the Pakistani youth. The purpose of this research is to relate WoT as an important factor in the declining of social fabric of community in the study area of Union Councils Bazid Khe of District Peshawar.
The main objectives of the research study are that to identify the problems of the laymen and particularly of the youth in the area under research in order to facilitate the affected people. This study will analyze the consistency level between the Aman Lashkar and the Government in providing relief to the victims of terrorism. We will examine the level of implementation of government policies regarding War on Terror. It will be tried to find out the issues prevailing among the Government and the affected people in the targeted area.

Objectives

The main objectives of the study were:
a) To enlist the effective ways in reducing the impact of WoT.
b) To measure the impact of WoT in the sector of education, health and agriculture specifically by focusing on the youth of the area.
c) To assess the socio-psychological impacts of WoT on socio fabric of the community.
d) To develop public policies and recommendations suggestions towards advocacy input for WoT.

Sample

The data required for the study was collected from all categories of the people in the target area, for this purpose we select 150 respondents from Bazid Khel in District Peshawar. Purposive sampling technique was used based cross-section design.

Instruments.

The researcher designed survey questionnaire for data collection. Organized focus group discussions and arranged interviews of the prominent members of

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society. Other respondents were the male and female students, educationalist, political leaders, traditional leaders, religious scholar, civilians, members of Aman Lashkar Bazid Khel and government officials i.e. police, doctors and administrators etc.

War on Terror in Respect of Pakistan




“The war on terror has had negative political, economic and social repercussions for the country and especially for the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa” (Essay Forum 2014). Pakistan participated in the WoT against the Al- Qaeda and its cohorts under compulsion. As aftermath of battle in Afghanistan in the mountain of Tora Bora8, the official deployment was commenced by the Pak Army, in
2002. The XI Corps under the command of Lieutenant-General Ali Jan Orakzai
entered the Valley of Tirah in the Northern part of Khyber Agency for the first time since Pakistan’s freedom in 1947. It was the first time that Pakistan Army took part in the WoT directly. The troops proceeded to maneuver into the Shawal valley of North Waziristan, and later South Waziristan. The naval Special Service Group (SSG) established the intelligence activity base and commenced to watch the suspicious activities within the area. The troubles mounted as the Tribes began to visualize Army's readying and continual Air Force's flights within the region as an act of suppression (Imran Khan and Waziristan Sunday, 26 August 2012).
Three military bases that were PAF Base Shahbaz (Jaccob Abad, Sindh), Pasni (situated at Kostal highway 100 kilo meter before the Gawader Port in District Baluchistan) and PAF Base Shamsi (situated near Pak-Afghan border in Zoob) were handed over to the US Marine for the purpose of using them against the hideouts of
Al-Qaeda (Woodward 2002). President Pervaz Musharaf9 while addressing the nation
and also in his memoir In the Line of Fire described this scenario as the “war game” (Musharraf 2004) As a result of this war, many Al-Qaeda members were killed in Afghanistan and those who survived, fled to Pakistan. Neither was there any place for
those survivals in their own country; nor were they being accepted by their other

8 Tora bora, known locally as Spīn Ghar, is a cave complex situated in the White Mountains of eastern Afghanistan, in the Pachir Wa Agam District of Nangarhar province, approximately 50 km west of the Khyber Pass. (Forney Teusday, Dec 11, 2011)

9 Chief Executive and 10th President of Pakistan from 12 October, 1999 to 18 August 2008.

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neighboring countries. Iran is a shiah country, having ideological problems with the sunni government of Taliban. Therefore, Tehran didn’t permit any refugees from Afghanistan to enter Iran beside to a few refugee camps which were situated near Iran- Afghan border. Russia was also the foe of these so-called terrorists because she fought a combat for ten years with them. Thus Russia did not allow them as well to enter their county. Northern Alliance was spread in the North and North-West of Afghanistan, due to them the Taliban were unable to move to Uzbekistan, Tajikistan or Turkmenistan situated in the North and North-West of Afghanistan. Forgone in view, the only place left with them was Pakistan. As the cultural values, civilization, language, religious beliefs, veil system, marriage and many customs of Afghan Pattans and the people living in the adjacent areas to Afghanistan inside the Pakistani territory are the same. The peoples of K.P at the adjacent terrains are renowned for their hospitality. So the refugees from Afghanistan were warmly welcomed by the people of K.P but not by the government of Pakistan.
According to Joshua Philipp as Pakistan was a free heaven for those refugees, they started reorganizing themselves in this country (Philipp February, 2011). These organizations started their activities inside Pakistan. They considered Pakistani government’s as an ally of United States. Therefore, they targeted the government installations, schools, buildings and the civilian gatherings. In response, Pakistan army started their operation in the areas where these miscreants challenged government writ. Operation “Rah-e-Rast” started in Swat valley in May 2009 and in June 2009 operation “Rah-e-Nijat” started in South Waziristan (Dr Ahmad Rashid Malik June 24, 2009). These military operations were the part of that WoT which were being committed by George W Bush at Camp David.
WoT means an armed fight by the government against the extreme fear for the purpose of eliminating terrorism with its roots from the society. It caused more agony, death and devastation to the inhabitants of Pakistan than any other nation on the globe. Accordance to Farhad Karim, 328,456 peoples from Swat district were
registered as IDPs10. 175 schools were destroyed and 226 damaged out of 1576 due to
which education was badly effected (Karim February, 2012). Tourism also came to an

10 Internally Displaced Peoples

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end in these areas. According to Dr. Noorulhaq, due to the WoT, “whether its government military offensive, US attacks or a suicide bombing, innocent Pakistanis always bear the brunt” (Haq December 29, 2008). Whether it is terrorism or counter terrorism, damages to the civilian peoples are on the height. Those peoples die who have no concerned with the terrorism and war on terror.

Impacts on Pakistan

• According to a survey 80% of the people were not in fevour of the operations in PATA while 20% consider that the present terrorism is due to the participating of Pakistan in WoT (Rana 2009). The operations were supposed as a warning to the influence of the leaders of the locality and customary tribal standards.
• By the end of 2009, more than 428000 had registered as IDPs alone from South Waziristan. These IDPs were reluctant to return home after the end of operations due to fear of terrorist and poor economic conditions. 2,500,000 were registered IDPs from Swat in IDPs camps in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where women and children suffered terribly (Zia 2009).
• The operation deprived the students from the right to education. Militants demolished 200 schools in Swat.
• According to UNFPA, 69000 pregnant women were also among the IDPs from Swat and were living in IDPs Camps in KP (Daily Dawn, Islamabad
2009).
• The operations have extremely effect the socio-psychological fabric of society.
Whole society of the country has been psychologically impacted in general and the people of direct effected areas in particular.
• The operation adversely impacted the economy of the country. Pakistan has loss $45Bil since the tragic incident of 9/11 on the military operations. Foreign investment decreased, factories closed in war zones, tourism face sever losses,
export declined and agriculture fields loss which ultimately rise in inflation.

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• PA (Political Agent) established links with Malik and Khans for good Administration in agencies. As the militants kills Maliks and Khan which make the administrative system ineffective and weakened in these areas.

Security problems also increased. Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies (PIPS)

reported 657 attacks in 2006 which killed 907 people and injured more than
1500 (Wasim, Terrorism dogs Pakistan in 06: Over 900 killed in 657 attacks
2007). According to Pakistan Security Report 2009 which was published by PIPS in 2009, 2586 terrorists, insurgent and sectarian incidents were recorded that kill 3021 citizens and wounded 7334 (Wasim, Over 12,800 militants caught in 2009 2010).

AMAN LASHKAR BAZID KHEL AND LASHKAR-E- ISLAM

Unrest in the Area

Bazid Khel is a front line area against the terrorists for those who are entering from Dara Adam Khel, Bara Agency, North and West Waziristan to the main installations of the government in the provincial capital of Peshawar. The people of this area have been united against the terrorist groups and form their own alliance, named Aman Lashkar. This Lashkar formed in response of LeI. LeI 11 is a banned Terrorist Group in Khayber Agency at Tehsil Bara; Mangal Bagh is the leader and head of this group. Hundreds of people including the leaders and head of the Anam Lashkar have been killed during the last few years in target killing and bomb blasts by LeI. In the suburban Badbher area of Peshawar a suicide bomber blow himself up at a burial ceremony, killing 17 persons and injuring 32 others (Fidayeen (Suicide Squad) Attacks in Pakistan 2012). Nine attacks were also being conducted on Faheem Khan, the Nazim of Union council Bazid Khel. During these nine attacks a total number of
48 people were being killed and hundreds injured. The people of this area have given
a lot of sacrifices for the restoration of peace in the locality against the banned LeI. In

11 Lashkar-e-Islam (LeI) is a militant group active in the Khyber Agency of Pakistan. In 2004 it was led by Haji Namdar and Mufti Shakir, the group began as an anti-Barelvi sectarian group in 2004 (khan

2009)

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fact the fight of the dwellers of this area against the terrorists was a part of that war on terror which were being committed by the government.

3.3 A Short History of Lashkar-e-Islam

LeI was supported and antecedently led by fundamentalist ecclesiastic Mufti Munir Shakir. Shakir was a Deobandi Sunni and a superb speaker. In 2003-04 when being ejected from Kurram Agency by social group elders for inciting sectarian hostility followed by a masjid bombing, he moved to Khyber Agency. He became domestically famed in Khyber Agency throughout the aforesaid period for his support of a strict Moslem way that resonated with residents within the poor and neglected area. He established an FM pirate radio station, exploiting this vehicle; he began to push his non secular beliefs, based mostly in Deobandi theology. Among his additional disputable pronouncements was his alleged statement that opium (Doda, Afume) is halal, provided it's made and used for medical functions (M. Mufti June, 2012).
In 2005, Shakir's supporters clashed with supporters of a rival religious movement chief Pir Saifur Rehman and a number of other individuals were killed. Shakir then formally organized his followers into LeI for defense and enlargement. The hostilities reached to its peak around 29 March, 2006 when many Shakir's followers gathered within the Badshahkili, neighborhood of Bara tehsil, to attack Pir's followers. Personal FM radio stations were originated by these completely different groups to
propagandize the native people. Thus began the "Talibanization12 " of Khyber
Agency.
It is believed that “the religious extremism is the major cause of terrorism in the world and especially in Pakistan” (Muhammad 2007) Shakir was considered to be a religious extremist and fundamentalist. He set up his own Islamic court. He formed equipped militiamen from LeI who was acted as police in Tehsil Bara and surrounding areas. These militiamen were additionally a significant hub within the Pak-Afghan importation system. Smuggling was measured as tijarat which isn't
forbidden in Islam. Road checkpoints were setup and opponents of this cluster were

12 Talibanization is a term coined following the rise of the Taliban movement in Afghanistan referring to the process where other religious groups or movements come to follow or imitate the strict practices of the Taliban (Alsayyad 2007)

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terrorized and had their homes looted by the militiamen. “People suspect of prostitution, gambling, witchcraft, or different un-Islamic activities were molested and generally kidnapped. Praying at the city masjid 5 times on a daily basis became necessary. The armed men additionally stop working colleges and schools in Bara” (Military 2008).
The government finally cracked down in 2007 and sent in troops to inflate LeI's Moslem courthouse. In an event involving militiamen, government troops and civilian protestors, a minimum of six folks were shot dead. Afterwards, Shakir was inactive and the other Taliban chief was banished. At that time, Shakir's student, Mangal Bagh Afridi, took management of LeI. He has been titled as “Haji Amir Manghal Bagh” (T. News 2008) by some of Pakistani newspapers. Mangal is from the Bara tehsil, and belongs to the Sepah Afridi tribe. The government then declared LeI to be an illegal organization.
According to a research of Pakistan Institute of Peace Studies (PIPS) “LeI have about
18 commanders who have been assigned their area of operation. Prominent commanders with their areas of operation include: Safoor Afridi (Naray Baba Ziarat), Rehmat Shah (Shah Dheri), Mutabar Khan (Galooch), Qandhar (Akakhel), Misre-i- Khan (Akakhel), Dr Akhtiar (Malikdinkhel) and Mohammad Hussain (Sholabar). Besides this, Maulana Siraj heads the fatwa wing, while Haji Zar Afridi is the spokesman of the group” (Muhammad Amir Rana 2010).
Mangal claims that LeI has 10,000 men at arms and could muster another 120,000 if needed (Globelsecurity.org 2011). According to South Asian Terrorism Portal Mangal also claimed on April 17, 2008, that LeI has over 180,000 volunteers in Khyber Agency (Detail of Terrorists Updates 2008).
The question is that how Mangal increased his men so rapidly to 10, 000 men? Were the people in Bara so idle or they were so impress by him? We need to look into the history of these militants. In the president Zia regime, Pakistan become productive land for the rebellious groups where extremist mentality promote both by the Pakistani rule and anticommunist counties like US, to attract the youth to battle against the former USSR forces in Afghanistan. “The world super powers encouraged

the revolutionary organizations to uphold the culture of Jihad to defeat Russian

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communism” (Mukhtiar, PCS Guide, Maktaba-e-Faridi 2003)The world powers especially US and Britain provide their massive support to the administration of Pakistan and associated radical organizations in the form of currency, armaments and ethical support. Former Foreign minister of United States of America, Hillary Clinton said that “After the evacuation and disintegration of Russia, these militant groups scattered. The international community pulled back its support from these militants” (Clinton, PTV News 2009). These militant groups which were extremely imaginative in terms of funds and military hardware started to fight against each other for their own interest.

As a result of this fight, many members of these groups were killed in Afghanistan and those who survived, fled to Pakistan. Neither was there any place for those survivals in their own country; nor were they being accepted by their other neighboring countries. Iran was a shiah country, therefore they didn’t permit any refugees from Afghanistan to enter Iran except a few and they were confined to their refugee camps. Russia was also the foe of these so-called terrorists because she fought a combat for ten years with them. Therefore, Russia did not allow them as well to enter their county. Northern Alliance was spread in the North and North-West of Afghanistan, due to them these militants were unable to move to Uzbekistan, Tajikistan or Turkmenistan situated in the North and North-West of Afghanistan. Forgone in view, the only place left with them was Pakistan. As the cultural values, civilization, language, religious beliefs, veil system, marriage and many customs of Afghan Pattans and the people living in the adjacent areas to Afghanistan inside the Pakistani territory were the same. The peoples of K.P at the adjacent terrains are renowned for their hospitality. So the refugees from Afghanistan were warmly well come by the people of K.P but not by the government of Pakistan.
As Khyber agency is adjacent to Afghanistan and government writ13 does not exist there so it was a free heaven for many of the militants, they started reorganizing themselves here in this area. As Mangal Bagh develops its army, many of these militants join them for their own cause so the Lashkar of Bagh increases so rapidly.

13 Writ is a formal written order issued by a government entity in the name of sovereign power. In most cases this government entity is a court. Two kinds of writs are there warrants and prerogative writs.

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In late June 2008, Pakistani Frontier Corps conducted a major operation in Bara targeting LeI. Mangal was apparently forewarned of the invasion and captive to a secure space from that he ordered his supporters to stay in situ and not resist. Many hundred armed members of the organization had showed up within the town, presumably for a confrontation with the authorities, however they spread at Mangal's order. The govt forces encountered no issues and destroyed one or two of homes and hideouts that were purportedly getting used by LeI, beside a pirate FM station. Native folks gave the impression to support LeI and a few claimed that the operation was a token affair that concealed an alliance between Mangal and the Pakistani government. The troops in agreement to depart a short whereas later once Bara elders agreed to not enable LeI extend its operations beyond the Khyber Agency (R. Khan April 2010).
According to John Pike, in November 2008, LeI broke the promise which they made with the government by transporting a truck load of militiamen into Peshawar to close an alleged nightclub. The police intercept the automobile before it could get to its target, and they gunshot one militant and detained one more while the others fled back to Khyber Agency (Pike 2008).
According to Khyber News “Now-a-days Mangal is somewhere in the Valley of Tera. But members of Lashkar-e-Islam are still in Bara and different areas of Khyber Agency” (K. News 2012).
The first encounter took place between LeI and Aman Lashkar on “Wednesday, February 04, 2009 in Mohalla Arbab Khel of Bazid Khel area, 9 people from LeI killed, 3 FC men loss their lives while one person from the Qomi Lashkar seriously injured during an unsuccessful attempt of abducting Nazim Bazid Khel Faheem Khan. According to the policemen, the leader of LeI called nazim Faheem and warn him of kidnapping” (The Daily Aaaj February 07, 2009).

A Short History of Aman Lashkar

According to the Daily Aaj Peshawar, law and order situation is versant in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and especially is Peshawar. There is a civil war situation in the city. “Peoples from different hamlets in the suburb of Peshawar are disappointed from police and law enforcement agencies and are forming their own Aman Lashkars

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(Groups for peace). These Aman Lashkars are resisting those terrorist who are coming from tribal areas” (The Daily Aaaj February 07, 2009.)
The elders of Mattani, adezai, Badaber, Masho Khel, Masho Gagar, Sheikh Muhammadi, Musa Zai, Sarband, Landi Akhun Muhammad, Bahadur Kalay and Hazar Khani have make their own Lashkars against the terrorists and miscreants. The main purpose of these Lashkars is to control law and order situations in their localities and to resist the terrorists coming from Bara and Dara Agencies. People are compelled to take arms against the terrorist parallel to their business and jobs.
People living within the suburbs of Peshawar on 5th Feb, 2009 urged the govt. to make sure protection to individuals from the Bara-based LeI of Mangal Bagh, otherwise they themselves would go to war against activists of those debarred cluster (Group, tribesmen vow to takeup arms against Mangal Bagh 2009).
Speaking during a group discussion at the residence of the Bazid Khel’s nazim, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Assembly Deputy Speaker Khushdil Khan expressed concern over the increasing incidents of seizure of individuals from the suburbs of Peshawar and termed it a challenge to the government’s legal instrument. It was the first meeting of the people of Bazid Khel in forming Aman Lashker where they raised slogans of unity against criminals and vowed to fight until death for shielding their localities. Later, the people of the locality in 35 vehicles patrol roads in different places and showed team spirit in opposition to the Terrorists and Mangal Bagh`s organization. Thus Aman Lashkar of Bazid Khel formed in this grand jurga (The Daily Aaaj February 07, 2009).

Aman Lashkar under the Umbrella of WoT

American Military Central Commander General Petraeus14 has repeated and impose his experience of Iraq here in forming Lashkars in the Tribal areas of Pakistan. He suggested forming such Lashkars which resist and terminate the terrorist Groups

14 David Howell Petraeus served as Director of the Central intelligence service from 6 Sep 6, 2011 till his resignation on 9 November 9, 2012. Assuming his forward the directorship of the United States intelligence agency, Petraeus was a extremely embellished four-star general, serving over thirty seven years within the u. s. Army.

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coming from the tribal areas. These Lashkars will be supported by funds and arms by the government (Mansoor 2013). Colonel Dobrot15 also suggests the same philosophy about combating such terrorists groups. In his book he recommends that the United States strategy should focus on the root causes of Islamic hostility, the US should combat radical Islam from within the Islamic community by consistently supporting the efforts of moderate Islamic nations to build democratic institutions that
are acceptable in Islamic terms (Dobrot 2007).
Forming of such groups can inculcate local enmity and civil war. Such as, the February 4th, 2009 incident at Bazid Khel is one of the examples of this strategy. After the assassination of 9 volunteers of LeI in Bazid Khel, the leader of the Lashkar worn the people of Bazid Khel about the sever consequences. In response of that incident on 18th February the hujra of the said nazim was targeted in a car bomb explosion where six people were killed and 17 were injured.
According to the Daily Mashriq Peshawar “When the terrorist’s activities increased in the surrounding areas of Peshawar the government declared Nazim Faheem as chief of the Aman Lashkar Bazid Khel” (The Daily Mashriq June 28, 2012). After it, the govt was supporting this group by material and intelligence sharing which shows the government patronization of the Aman Lashkar.

Terrorist’s Attacks and the Emergence of Nazim Faheem

“Three suicides and seven other attacks have been conducted on Nazim Faheem killing 48 persons in total and injured more than hundred peoples” (Killing of Aman Lashkar sarbara 2012). In result of these attacks he becomes prominent among the people and media.
The battle between LeI and Aman Lashkar has devastated the social fabric of society and increased an uncertainty in the study area. Many people of the area have lost their

15 Colonel Laurence Andrew Dobrot is the former Deputy Director for the Missile Defense Agency’s Airborne Laser Program. He was commissioned into the U.S. Air Force in 1985 through Air Force ROTC. Colonel Dobrot has served on the Air Staff in the Pentagon supporting Home Land Defense, the Joint Requirement Oversight Council, and a tour of duty in Afghanistan.

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life and house ruined. The war affects the people socio-psychologically. Economy and education badly affected. War was converse instead of educational and positive discussions in the learning institutions. Killing of 48 peoples mean the demoralizing
of 48 families for life time. As a whole the war has badly impacted the study area.

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District Peshawar Map Showing boundries of Union Council

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Source: Survey of Pakistan, Hayatabad, Peshawar

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Source: Developed during the study survey 2011-12

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Location

=

33.95°N 71.57E°

Total Population

=

69755 (Census 1998 Peshawar, Basic Population

and Housing Data by Union Councils 1998) Total Area = 1546 Acre
“Mouza Bazid Khel = 794 Acre, Mouza Ahmed Khel = 752 Arce” (1998 District
census report of Peshawar, Census Publication No.33 table 39, P192 August, 1999)

Total No of Schools

March, 2010)

=

36 (Annual Statistic Report of Govt Schools

No of Primary Schools

=

33

No of Middle Schools

=

Nil

No of High Schools privet sector)

=

03 (1 Govt School while 2 are running by the

No of Religious Madaris

=

33 (Area Micro Plane Sheet 2010)

No of Jamia Masques

=

43

No of Hospitals

=

01

No of Bata Khasht

=

03

UC counsil Bazid is predominantly a cultivated area. It is located along the bank of River Bara. Total population of this area is 64,877. Strategically UC Bazid Khel is an important vicinity because it is accommodated PAF Camp Badaber, the main supply depot to all PAF Bases, a surveillance station, and the base of Balloon Barrage Courses. Bazid Khel is a front line region against the terrorists for those who are entering from Dara Adam Khel, Tehsil Bara, North and West Waziristan to the main installation of the government in the provincial capital of Peshawar. This UC is rich in term of natural and manpower resources.

Flow Diagram of Research Data


Qualitative Data Quantitative Data

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Focused Group Discussion

Direct

Observation

&

Monitoring Survey, Questionnaire

Impacts of War on

Terror on the youth

(Educated youth)

Data collected both through qualitative and quantitative methods. Many focused group discussions being carried out among different participants of war on terror, members of Aman Lashkar and local peoples of the target area. Some of the data were collected and narrated through direct observation and monitoring different scenarios. The quantitative data were being collected with the help of survey questionnaires
through random sampling techniques. The out come of all these efforts reflect in the

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shape of impacts of the war on terror on the lay men and especially on the youth particularly educated youth.

Figure 5.2: Key Words of the Thesis

Wor on

Terror

Pakistani youth

Uc Bazid

Khel

Both data collection techniques were based on the above three variables i.e. War on terror, Pakistani youth and the targeted area of UC Bazid Khel shows in the above figure. These are the three main figure around which the research is revolving.

Sampling

UC Bazid Khel is comprised of three villages; it has been divided in three clusters that are Village Bazid Khel, Ahmed Khel and Marozai. Total targeted registered population is 64,877. People of bazid khel are demographically same; they are homogenous; having approximately same pay group and same culture. UC Bazid khel is comprised of three villages each village have 19, 11 and 16 Mohallas or sub divisions respectively. A total of 46 mohallas are taken out of three villages. Sampling is taken on the basis of the strength of each village. With random sampling the researcher picked two persons from every mohalla of village Bazid Khel and got 37 respondents. In village Ahmed Khel we took 4 persons from each mohalla and got 44 respondents from this sub-division. In village Marozai we took 4 persons from each mohalla too and got 69 respondents from this sub-division. At this way we got 150 respondents from all the three villages. The conceptual diagram of sampling is as under.

Organization of the Study Area

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Source: Study Survey 2012-13

FINDINGS, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Major Findings:

It is clear that majority of the terrorists were unmarried. Because they thought themselves free from marriage bond and house hold responsibilities.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 99 (66%) out of 150 were living in the joint families, which is lead to unemployment and easily enter into terrorism.
All the respondents were literate. The study also show that majority of the respondents i.e. 145 (97%) out of 150 were graduate. The research reflects that educated people dislike terrorism and ignorant were behind motive of terrorism.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 48 (32%) out of 150 were unemployed. It is justified that government does not provide sufficient opportunities for jobs. It is the unemployed persons who become the fuel of terrorism and war on terror, thus militancy emerges.
Majority of the respondents' i.e.145 (97%) out of 150 said that the education was effected due to war on terror and terrorism. The data also shows the reasons that terrorists oppose education in the study area. It is justified that terrorists targeted the education because they consider education as anti-Islamic. But in real sense they want
to become ignorant the community and destroy the social fabric of society.

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Greater part of the respondents i.e. 130 (87%) out of 150 said that female education was effected. The research also show that majority 48 (32%) out of 150 respondents said that destruction of schools effect the female education in the targeted area. Terrorists destroyed female education, because according to them it is not compatible with Islamic Ideology. In fact female education plays a vital role in the development of any society. An educated mother can look after their baby well, as compared to an illiterate mother.
Mainstream of the respondents' i.e. 142 (97%) out of 150 says that jobs were affected by terrorism / WoT while 8 out of 150 respondents were not in favor. The research also reflects the specific reasons due to which the jobs were affected. 72 (48%) out of
150 respondents select the option that the fear of terrorists stop the people from getting and performing their jobs well. It is justified that most of people leave the jobs due to fear of the terrorists, due to which unemployment increased in the area. Joblessness lays worse impact on the socio psychological behavior, as a result crises arose.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 139 (97%) out of 150 said that houses were damaged. The investigation further shows that 90 (60%) out 150 respondents said that houses were partially damaged. It is justified that most of the houses were damaged partially, which directly affect on the socio psychological behavior of the community.
Majority of the respondents’ i.e.135 (90%) out of 150 said that the health facilities were affected due to this ongoing war. The study also represents the causes of damage to the health facilities. Total 60 (40%) out of 150 respondents said that the health facilities affect due to the destruction of hospitals. It is justified that health facilities were greatly affected because there were shortage of medicine, doctors and the most important thing is that the destruction of hospital. It compels the rural people to misery living and their life standard decreased which was already very low.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 133 (89%) out of 150 said that the traditional ceremonial activities were disturbed. The research also reveal the reasons that how traditional ceremonies affect, 60 (40%) out of 150 respondents said that the people do
not participate in these traditional ceremonial activities due to the fear of terrorists.

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The terrorist banned on traditional ceremonial activities because they want to kill the existing rich culture of the locality and impose their own barbaric customs.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 80 (53%) out of 150 says that compensation is not given by the Government, which is a demoralizing factor for the dwellers of the locality. Some people have been rewarded partially by the government but most of people were not compensated. It negatively impacted the participant of the (Aman Lashkar) War on Terror. It decreased their trust level on the government and law enforcement agencies which ultimately ruins the social fabric of society.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 63 (42%) out of 150 respondents says that people of the study area took action against terrorists after any action of terrorism conducted by the terrorists. Some people couldn’t stand against the terrorists due to the lack of the government support. In a question that why the local people stand against the banned Lashkar-i-Islam. Majority of the respondent’s i.e. 55 (37 %) out of 150 said that the people stand against the terrorist for their own safety. 52 respondents i.e. 35% said that the people stand for the safety of their locality.
Standing of the community’s people against the terrorist was due to the lack of government support during counter terrorism. No army personnel or police officials were there who could stand against the banned LeI. No support of the government strengthened militancy in the area, and thus it ruins the social fabric of society in terms of faithlessness on government.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 93 (62%) out of 150 were not directly threaten during terrorism. The research also reflects the reasons of un-employment and the disturbance of jobs. It is justified that militants threaten the masses with robbery, killing, kidnapping and most were deprived from jobs. This threatening is a big obstacle in the way of rural development of a community whether physically or psychologically.
Majority i.e. 88 (58 %) respondents out of 150 said that the schools were destroyed by the terrorists because they were challenging the government writ in the target area. It is justified that the destruction of schools directly effects the education of the students of the locality. What so ever the reason may be, the destruction of schools negatively
impact the socio psychological behavior of the people.

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Majority of the respondents i.e. 88 (59 %) out of 150 said that militants destroyed the hospitals and power stations (electric supply line) to surrender the government. It is also justified that this destruction of militant surrender the people as well as the government’s writ. Further to press the rural people and crush the development process.
Majority of the respondent’s i.e. 52 (35 %) out of 150 says that politicians were important targets for killing. The militants killed the local leaders, khans, army personnel, and government servants but the most important target were politicians because politicians and local leaders were direct revival of terrorism in the study area. Militant were trying to impose their own barbaric ideology and stress the educational system in the locality.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 128 (85 %) out of 150 considered that the ongoing terrorism / war on terror is the game of foreign agencies. This assumption of the people of the study area is based on certain clues, like some of the terrorist when found dead were without circumciser and the weapons which they were using against the Aman Lashkar were totally foreign made. It weakens the trust of the local people on the foreign NGOs that whether they are helping us in war on terror or they help the terrorists in terrorism.
Majority of the respondents i.e. 85 (57 %) out of 150 said that peace is exist for a short time only. It is clear to the respondents that peace is for short time. Terrorism need to be expelled from other corner of the country. If it is not done then there is a chance that the community will be polluted once again and the terrorists will destruct the psyche of the rural masses.

Discussion of Findings

The study had been carried out to examine the impacts of War on Terror on education of Pakistani youth. In addition, the study portrays the true picture of the situation arises due to war event i.e. terrorism and war on terror in District Peshawar at UC Bazid Khel. The study focuses on independent variables i.e. terrorism / war on Terror and dependent variables i.e. Education, Socio-psychological impacts and Social
Fabric of society.

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The war; whether shaped by the terrorists or the war against terrorism has negative Impacts on business community, education and also badly impact the socio- psychological behavior of the people. It also inflamed extremism and joining extremism tendency.
Drop outs of the students augmented due to war. Instead of educational discussions, conversation on war increased in schools and colleges which also worsen the situation in these institutions.
The affectees are psychologically impacted from this war on terror. The people of this UC have very limited resources. The war increases the stress factor in the people. Where the patron or sponsor of a family died, their dependents compel to survive at stress in the rest of their lives. Some of the people lost their jobs and some where their source of income disturbed. It also enlarged the stress factor on the individual and family.
This war destroyed the social fabric of society. People are hesitating to help each other, especially the strangers are not well come by the people of this locality. So the traditional values are disturbed. Ultimately an uncertainty and chaos is prevailing in the area.
Terrorist have their own outlines and agenda. They have no associations with the religion or culture. They are not that traditional Pathan who was having hard stance on the Pakhtoons cultural values. They are working on their own line of action. Their agenda had been clear from the attacks on the grid station in March, 2013 in which they shot 2 police men and slaughter 7 innocent WAPDA personnel. They also shot dead two lady health worker in the last week of May 2013. Their plan is to destruct hospitals, educational institutions, infrastructure and the future of our children. They want to send the society to the dark ages.
This beautiful village with rich cultural values drown in the war of militancy, people have terrified, politician were killed, same treatments with police, WAPDA personnel and LHVs etc. Infrastructure and communication have been destroyed. Un- employment, food shortage, target killing, robbery and kidnappings were common practices. With every passing day, Taliban is gaining strength by using FM radio
service. Schools, hospitals and roads were targeted. Students are scared to attain

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schools. Government servants were threatening to leave the jobs and female folk were strictly banned. There measures will cast dark shade on the people of UC Bazid Khel. The traditional norms are no more part of the culture in this UC. There were shortage of medicine, doctors have left hospitals, and innocent people have lost their precious life. This war against militancy is nothing less than human disaster and destruction.
Awareness comes in the common men; people think that they can’t eliminate the terrorists, so the only thing which they can is to change their destination and living places. They can’t change the prevailing situation in the area so they should migrate from this place where terrorism becomes the norm of the day. When citizens migrate the meager amongst them compile to inhabit/live on minor piece of land and in risk- prone places due to the socioeconomic and demographic factors. If the education system of a society disturbed and destroyed then it will leads to the destruction of the social fabric and may be a Diaspora.

Conclusion









Terrorism and War on Terror has badly impacted Pakistani society in numerous ways. The nation and community have suffered severely. Socio-psychologically, educationally, demographically, economically, politically, religiously, and internationally it has been adversely affected. The country deserves to be a hub of harmony and progress. We need to adopt efficient actions for defeating the forces of terrorism by eliminating its root causes. The hatchery for both the terrorism and war on terror should be equipped with quality education and awareness campaigns. All out endeavors, on fronts should be made to put a halt to terrorism.
After every major devastating occurrence, lots of journals, articles, books, reports, paper work done on the disastrous events but still lack of implementation had been seen on ground. There is still lack of knowledge, resources, training programs and mechanism to cope with the situation after greater rate to destruction occurred. This research describes the prevailing conditions after the clashes occurred between LeI and Aman Lashkar in the year 2007 to 2012 at UC Bazid Khel. It highlights the policy feature, which needs to be taken into consideration for the better cause to overcome greater damages. Moreover it will help to contribute to reduce the socio-psychological
impact of war on terror on society and especially on youth and to diminish their pain

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and sufferings. It is hoped that this research will help and open doors for the research scholars in the area of policy study with respect to war on terror.
UC Bazid Khel is still standing as a shield in front of the terrorist coming from the tribal areas. If God forbid this shield broke then the access of the terrorists will become so easy to the main installation of KP capital, Peshawar and to the rest of the country. After that the whole community will be disturb and may be shift from this area. The whole education system is disturbed in this union council if the same case will continues then may be the whole society will change their destiny and it may be a Diaspora.
This is a kind of document which we developed will be an ever lasting contribution towards the development of the UC Bazid Khel. The map which we developed will be share with the intelligence agencies, Pakistan army, local administration and we will give a copy of this map to all of them.

Suggestions / Recommendations

Following steps should be taken to tackle with the problems of adverse impacts of terrorism and war against terror on the society and especially on youth.
Network of the terrorists should be completely destroyed for the 'root out' of these evils (terrorists) from the whole country.
Minds of the people should be diverted towards education and other developmental works. That is only possible if free educational and awareness programs are launched in the area.
The people who suffer monetary losses should be compensated so that they are able to get start; this would create a soft corner in the UC Bazid Khel people's hearts for the government and would be helpful to eradicate terrorism from the target area.
The government and law enforcement agencies should also help to restore traditions and recreational activities of the target areas, and should arrange festivals and exhibitions in this UC to attract the people from other areas. Nor this UC has any play ground neither it has a park for the children recreation. The government should pay his attention to the construction of such recreational places for the promotion of the
socio-psychological development of the people of this locality.

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The youth of this UC needs to be engage in some moral activities for the purpose to avoid them from joining any terrorist group or the government supported groups.
The FC and police check posts are made on the main roads while the terrorists travel to the established areas of Peshawar by the unpaved ways and in the cultivated lands. The government should check these points also.
Intelligence depth also needs to be profound in these areas where the terrorists are living and from where they operate and launch their missions. In areas like Lahore or Karachi the movement of a stranger is easy as compare to the movement of a foreigner in the tribal area because they know each other very well. Everyone knows the entrance of any stranger in the area. Therefore making intelligence depth in such area is not an easy job. The lack of intelligence depth was also being revealed during the Operation Mezaan in 2006. The government should hire people from the same area where these terrorists are living for spreading their intelligence depth.
Electronics and print media can play a vital role in creating awareness campaigns on educating the peoples by hosting talk shows on currents affairs and removes the ignorance and should be socialized the people to be not deceived by others.
The tenant and landowner should be compensated and should provide latest and advanced horticulture technology and latest breeds of hybrids seeds. Gardener should be providing with quality fruits plants in order to get maximum production.
The BHU (Bazid Khel) should reconstruct as soon as possible, basic healthcare and health facilities should be provided and actively guarded so that people could have easy and quick access to these facilities.
Female folk should be providing with equal right and opportunities to strengthen their role in the society and create well and sound generation. Educational and vocational scholarship programs should be launched in the target area for both genders. There is no government girl’s middle and high school in the whole UC, government must sanction a girl middle/high school for the uplift of female education in the area.
The government should encourage and systematize the people, religious scholars and local leaders with government's officials to make a better future plan for a safe and better tomorrow.

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Foreign and local NGO's should allow for launching the developmental projects on education, health, sanitation, water supply, infrastructure and agriculture. They should provide socio-psychological and economic support to the people of UC Bazid Khel as
a peaceful territory once again.

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