International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 4, April-2015 1096

ISSN 2229-5518

Study of Ground Water Quality in Industrial Zone of Kakkalur industrial Estate, Thiruvallur,

Tamil Nadu.

1,2A. Kistan, 2Dr. V. Kanchana, 3Dr. Thaminum Ansari

1. Research Scholar in Chemistry, Bharathiar University at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu.

2. Assistant Professor, Panimalar Institute of Technology, Chennai-123, Tamil Nadi.

3. Assistant Professor, Muthurangam Government Arts and Science College, Vellore, Tamil Ndu.

E-mail: vishmikrish@gmail.com

ABSTRACT— Water quality of 7 bore wells and 3 lakes water samples representing 10 localities around the Kakkalur industrial Estate, Thiruvallur was studied for a period of four months from November-2014 to February-2015 to assess the suitability of the bore well water for domestic purposes. This study of bore well water and lake water contamination will be of immense help to researcher’s and environmental regulators to evolve and initiate mitiga- tive measures. Studies have been carried out to identity the parameters of contamination and their distribution with the help of the existing bore wells and lake water have been analyzed for 11 parameters. The major general contaminants found exceeding standards are hardness, alkalinity, pH, dis- solved salts, chlorides, Ca, Mg, SO4, and turbidity. However the bore wells containing the parameters exceeding the limit were found highly isolated presence of chlorides and hardness, thus by initiating measures to be control local stretches. Combination of parameters exceeding limit varied from bore well to lake water and bore well to bore well.

Keywords: Ground water, Physico-chemical parameters, bore wells, lake water, Kakkalu, contamination, Pollution, Quality of water.

—————————— ——————————

INTRODUCTION

Long and sustained industrial activities in any given area
can often lead to soil and ground water contamination. Im-
proper waste disposal practices might contaminate the soil
and gradually the entire ground water and water bodies in the
area, impairing ground water quality for many applications
including drinking. The study of ground water and lake wa-
ter assessment will be of immense help to researchers and
evolve by initiating remedial measures. The determination
alteration of the naturally occurring physical, thermal, chemi-
cal, or biological quality of ground water is called ground wa- ter contamination.
This study focuses on how groundwater and lake water used for drinking, cooking, bathing and irrigation becomes contaminated with some chemical parameters. Surface water contaminated by hardness substances, alkalinity, Ca, Mg, tur- bidity, as a result of human and industrial activities (e.g. Min- ing) or from natural sources has also been reported in some countries, but it is much less common.
Uncontaminated minerals matter has been subjected to and influenced by environmental factors such as parent minerals, climate, organisms and physic-chemical action of wind, water and sunlight all acting over a period of time. Water differs from parent materials in the physical and chemical properties. In many areas of Tamilnadu, ground water is not suitable for domestic use, forcing villagers to travel 3 to 4 km for water. Much of the ground water is unsuitable can no longer be used.
The primary objective of the present study was to assess the contamination of bore well water and lake water. The data available on ground water and lake water contamination in and around Kakkalur industrial Estate, Thiruvallur. Hence an attempt was made to study the ground water and lake water quality assessment of the in and around Kakkalur industrial Estate area to identify the contaminated bore wells and lake water which are beyond permissible limits for drinking water and also the which are significant contributor for pollution in the area.
Depending on the type and extent of contamination reme- dial approaches can be evolved. For this purpose a strategy was drawn to collect ground water from the existing bore wells in the designated industrial area, considering all possible sources of contamination various parameters have been select- ed for analysis.

Description of the study area

Kakkalur industrial Estate located at near Thiruvallur, Ta-
milnadu. Average recorded rainfall for Thiruvallur city in the
last four years. Water facilities are provided by dipping the
bore wells as the ground water is the main source for drinking
water in this area. Historically ground water has been consid-
ered to be safe for drinking hence untreated ground waters supplied to the public. Since few heavy industries are located, it may leads to pollute the ground water. Thus in this present study industrial belt sand its surrounding area has been se-
lected and analyzed the ground water and lake water quality.

Material and Methodology

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Detailed survey was conducted to identify the number of existing bore wells and few lakes. The survey was conducted 11 by visiting number of houses and identifying the existence of bore wells and lake water.

Sampling method

The samples were collected during the month of November
2014 to February 2015. Water samples from bore wells and lakes were collected in different glass bottles at each point to add necessary preservatives as per standard procedure, then samples were brought to chemistry laboratory with in 24 hrs
from the time of collection and analysis.

Analyses

The Physico-chemical Parameters of the water samples
were analyzed in triplicate by adopting standard procedures
from manual of the American Public Health Association
(APHA, 1998)[1]. The water samples were analyzed for the
following Physico-Chemical Parameters.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

The population in the area has increased more than three-
fold within a span of two decades, because of the rapid
growth in industrial activity, employment, transport facilities
and educational facilities. Groundwater is the prime source of
domestic water and its quality is getting degraded due to in-
creasing industrialization and population [2]. The present
communication is focused on the study of temporal changes in
the groundwater quality to assess the intensity of pollution
activity on it in the different industrial surrounding areas [3].

Table-1 water quality analysis in Indusrial areas of

Kakkalur, Thiruvallur.

Dissolved

Oxygen 6.2 6.4 5.6 6.1 7.1 6.9 6.1 6.1 6.4 6.6

Except pH all unites in mg/l

SAMPLE LOCATIONS: S1 = Thanneer kulam lake,

S2 = Thanneer kulam, S3 = V.M.Nagar, S4 = Ma.Po.Si. Na-
gar, S-5 = Hari Ram nagar, S-6 = Varadharajanagar, S-7 =
Putlur lake, S-8 = Kakkalur bus stop residential area, S-9= DRBCC school road, S-10= Kakkalur lake.
The observed pH value ranging from 6.2 to 8.9 shows that quality of water samples were slightly alkaline (Table-1). These values are maximum permissible limit prescribes WHO standards. If pH increases the permissible level it may pro- mote corrosion of plumbing systems and fixtures [4]. Study area it was observed that chloride content exceed than the permissible limit. The site points exceeded were S1 Sample area (377 mg/l), S4 Sample area (410 mg/l), S6 Sample area (290 mg/l), S10 Sample area (450 mg/l).
When chloride concentration of 250mg/l is present along with sodium ions, a salty taste can observed [5]. The salty taste may be absent in waters in absence of sodium ions, even con- centration of chlorides is high as 1000mg/l. Chloride is pre- sent in all natural water at greatly varying concentrations de- pend on the geo-chemical conditions. Chlorides in natural waters can be attributed to leaching of chloride containing rock and soil , discharges of effluents from chemical industries
,ice creams plant effluents, edible oil mill operations , sewage disposal , irrigation drainage, contamination, from refuge leachates and sea water intrusion in coastal regions[6].

Sample

Sam-

Sample

Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam- Sam-

Sam- Sam-

S.No Parameter

ple

ple

ple

ple

ple

ple

ple

ple

As per the analysis report it was observed that hardness

1 Ph

2 Chlorides

Total

3

hardness

Calicium

4 hardness

Magnesi-

5 um hardness

S-1 S-2 S-3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10

8.8 7.9 7.1 7.71 7.6 7.1 8.1 6.2 7.4 8.9

377 250 210 410 215 290 149 110 180 450

455 288 116 198 110 240 390 280 165 420

138 118 102 169 31 141 155 149 98 126

22 71 12 25 35 97 153 45 63 167

was exceeding the limits. Such areas are S1 Sample area (455 mg/l), S10 Sample area (420mg/l), S7 Sample area(390 mg/l), Hardness is measure of the ability of water to cause precipita- tion of insoluble calcium and magnesium salts of higher fatty acids from soap solutions, the principle hardness causing cati- ons are calcium, magnesium, manganese ion associated with bicarbonates, carbonates, chlorides, and sulphates [7].
Suspended solids or matter in surface water may consist in

6 Total solids 1800 1080 780 600 600 1000 1500 1400 900 1600

start a through mechanical straining action.

Total

7 dissolved

Solids

Total sus-

8 pended

Solids

9 Iron

10 Sulphates

800 420 430 570 410 300 1300 600 800 1200

930 550 400 700 590 600 1200 1100 600 900

0.6 0.02 0.01 0.031 0.022 0.07 0.32 0.82 0.01 0.7

26.0 3.4 5 6 8 9 31 14 15 31

The amount of total solids in surface water`increase with input of natural and manmade contamination. As per the analysis report it was observed that, suspended solids were exceeded the limits range from 600 mg/l to 1200 mg/l
(Table-1).
The assessment was reported that the concentration of sul- phates also exceeded the permissible limits range from 6 mg/l to 31 mg/l (Table-1). High level of sulphates in water can cause dehydration and diarrhea and may also cause corrosion

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effect on plumbing.
As per the study report it was observed that Iron concentra- tion not exceeded the limit which is very healthy for human health. (0.01 mg/l- 0.82 mg/l) (Table-1). Iron is mostly a natu- rally derived metallic pollutant which areas its origin in wa- ters mainly to the sources derived from soil and crocks. The corrosion of pipes, pumps and other such structures can also raise the concentration of iron in the distribution systems. Large quantities of iron can leach out from soil by run-off es- pecially in acidic conditions such and associated with acid mine drainage and degradation of excessive organic matter accumulated in the soil [9].
Iron in ground water remains mostly as a predominate from due to general lack of oxygen, but such iron rich ground wa- ters when brought to the surface , the ferrous is quickly con- verted to ferric resulting in the formation of ferric in the pres- ence of iron is substantial quantities render the water unsuita- ble for food processing making beverages, dying bleaching , manufacturing ice and many other items, the limit of iron in drinking water (0.1mg/l) is not because of the health consid- eration but due to its aesthetic and taste significance [10].
From this analysis the observed total dissolved solid values are exceeding limits in Sample areas such as S1: 1800 mg/l, S7:
1500 mg/l, S10: 1600, compared to WHO stand values[11].
The dissolved oxygen of the water samples were in permissi- ble limit, range from 5.6 mg/l to 7.1 mg/l.

CONCLUSIONS

This study emphasizes the need for regular groundwater quality monitoring to assess pollution activity. The quantity of water in around the industrial belt reached already alarming stage causing health effects as per the analysis report.
The major industries nearby sampling point should supply protected drinking water to the people surrounded by indus- tries or they have to rehabilitate people from that point since they are mainly responsible for creation of pollution.
The groundwater quality problems are mainly due to i) con- tamination by geogenic and man-made sources. A large num- ber of industrial activities are taking place in urban areas, es- pecially in populated areas. The wastes generated by industri- al activities in urban areas get mixed with domestic wastes and pollute the groundwater.

DRINKING WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

S.No

pa- ram eters

Indian Stand- ards

ICMR

WHO

S.No

pa- ram eters

P

E

P

E

P

E

PHISI- PARA CAL ME- TETES

1

Colour

10

50

5

25

5

20

2

Taste & Odour

Unobjectionable

Unobjectiona- ble

Unobjectiona- ble

3

Turbidity

10

25

5

25

5

25

4

PH

6.5-8.5

6.5-9.2

7-8.5

6.5-9.2

7-8.5

6.5-9.2

CHEMICAL(Mg/L or

PPM)

5

Total Solids

-

-

-

-

500

1500

6

Total Hardness

300

600

300

600

-

-

7

Calcium

75

200

75

200

75

200

8

Magnesium

30

100

50

150

50

150

9

Iron

0.3

1.0

0.3

1.0

0.3

1.0

10

Manganese

0.1

0.5

0.1

0.5

0.1

0.5

11

Chlorides

250

1000

250

1000

200

600

12

Sulphates

150

400

200

400

200

400

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The author’s wish to record deep sense of gratitude to
Dr.P.Chinnadurai. M.A.Ph.D, Secretary of Panimalar institute
of technology and Mr. C. Sakthi Kumar M.E, director of Pani-
malar Institute of Technology. The author also wish to thanks to Dr.T. Jayanthi, Principal of Panimalar Institute of Technolo- gy, Chennai, Tamil Nadu.

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