International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518

Quantum Physics

Mr. Amir Ansari

ABSTRACT - While researching quantum physics, I realized that I had just finished a book that was based on quantum theory. At the time, I didn’t quite realize that quantum theory and quantum physics were interrelated. Niels Bohr once said, anyone who is not shocked by quantum theory has not understood it. He believed this because quantum physics makes the common laws of classical physics false on small scales.First, quantum physics is the physics of the incredibly small. It tries to explain the behavior of even smaller particles such as protons, neutrons, electrons, and even the particles that make up those particles. Would you believe that the model of an atom taught to us in chemistry is about 70 years out of date? In fact, an atom isn’t just a nucleus with electrons looping around it. Instead of having a fixed place for the electrons to be, quantum physics gives us a statistical probability of the electron s location at any one moment.

These are the formulas derived from the extensions of the Heisenberg’s Principle and the motion of the electron in an orbit, which are emitted by a photon.

KEYWORDS:

HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE

EINSTEIN EQUATIONS

1. Photoelectric effect

2. Relation Between Photon and Electron

EXTENSION OF HEISENBERG’S PRINCIPLE

1. Relation between Phase and Wavelength

2. Relation between Phase and Velocity

3. Relation between Phase and Position

4. Relation between Phase and energy

UTILIZATION OF ELECTRON

EMISSION OF PHOTON

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518

INTRODUCTION:

1. According to Heisenberg’s principle, position and momentum of a particle can’t be measured simultaneously with High Precision. There is a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of these two measurements.
2. While researching on Heisenberg’s Principle, I derived some new formulas that marked the extension of Heisenberg’s Principle.
3. Also, We apply nature of electron and photon both is related to each other and keeps common property. We know that when an electron moves at
a very high speed its shows the wave character. In this wave nature the electron moves in the form of a wave and depicts a photon.
4. When a photon falls down on a metal surface, then an electron is emitted from the metal surface. It is known that a photon emits an electron at a time.
5. The project emphasis on the fact that can, this emitted electron reach in Orbit with the help of Einstein equation and angular momentum, also find that this electron are move in which orbit.
6. Using the energy parameters of frequency, kinetic energy, rotational energy, wavelength, threshold
wavelength and area, we can find that in which orbit the electron can move.
7. .I know that when an electron are move in own
orbit, then a electron has a specific
8. torque and this specific torque produce an electric
power, we can check that this electron moves in an orbit or not .We find a new method to check the orbit by the help of Group velocity, phase velocity, phase difference, wavelength, angular velocity, time, angular wave number, any two parameter are used .

These are the formulas derived from the extensions of the Heisenberg’s Principle and the motion of the electron in an orbit ,which are emitted by a photon.

HEISENBERG’S UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE:
The position and momentum of a particle cannot be simultaneously measured with arbitrarily high precision. There is
a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of these two measurements. There is likewise a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of the energy and time.

�x �p � h / 4 TT

�x=uncertantity position
�p=change in momentum h=plunck constant
EINSTEIN EQUATIONS:
1. hc/A=W+ KEmax
2. W= hc/Ao
3.KEmax=1/2 (M*Vmax* Vmax)
Photoelectric effect :
The photoelectric effect occurs when light hits a metallic surface and ejects electrons. It proves that light is particulate—one of the major foundations of quantum mechanics.. This effects replicates that light are particles which are photons.
There are certain electron energy levels in an atom. If an electron absorbs enough energy, it will jump up to the next level. If it absorbs enough energy, it will jump up out of the highest energy level and out of the atom altogether.
The photoelectric effect occurs when the photon transfers
enough energy to eject an electron from an atom in a metallic surface.
In experiments, they show various frequencies and intensities of light at a metallic surface. Above certain frequencies, the light would cause the electrons in the surface to be ejected. Under those frequencies, the photoelectric effect would not occur—the electrons remained in the surface. They found that it didn’t matter how intense the light was, but only that it was higher than a certain frequency.
Relation Between Photon and Electron:
We apply nature of electron and photon both is related to each other and keeps common property. We know that when an electron moves at a very high speed its shows the wave character. In this wave nature the electron moves in the form of a wave and depicts a photon.
When a photon falls down on a metal surface, then an electron is emitted from the metal surface. It is known that a photon emits an electron at a time.
The project emphasis on the fact that can, this emitted electron reach in Orbit with the help of Einstein equation and angular momentum, also find that this electron are move in which orbit.
Using the energy parameters of frequency, kinetic energy, rotational energy, wavelength, threshold wavelength and
area, we can find that in which orbit the electron can move.
.I know that when a electron are move in own orbit, then a electron has a specific
torque and this specific torque produce a electric power, we can check that this electron moves in an orbit or not .We find a new method to check the orbit by the help of Group velocity, phase velocity, phase difference, wavelength, angular velocity, time, angular wave number, any two
parameter are used .

IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518

Terms :

h=Planck’s constant (joule-second)

A=wavelength(meter)

Ao=threshold wavelength(meter)

f=photon frequency(Hertz)

fo=threshold frequency(Hertz)

W=work function(Joule)

hc/A=photon energy(Joule)

KE max=maximum electron energy(Electron Volte or Joule)

c=velocity of light(Meter/second)

M=mass of electron(Kilogram)

v=velocity of electron(Meter/second)

R=radius of orbit(Meter)

PROOF:


hc/A=W+ KEmax
W= hc/Ao
KEmax=1/2 (M*Vmax* Vmax)
hc/A=hc/Ao+1/2(M*Vmax* Vmax)
We know that electron moving in a orbit satisfy the condition
mvr= nh/2TT
Here we calculate the value of v
V=nh/2TT*M*R For Vmax Vmax=nh/2TT*M*Rmin

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518

Put the value of electron velocity in Einstein equation:
hc/A=hc/Ao+1/2(M*(nh/2TT*M*Rmin)*(nh/2TT*M*Rmin))
Solve this and minimize term:
hc/A=hc/Ao+1/2((n*n)*(h*h/TT)/4*TT*Rmin*Rmin*M)this
This equation express in terms of area of orbit: We know that area of orbit Amin=4*TT*Rmin*Rmin
Now above equation is:
hc/A=hc/Ao+1/2((n*n)*(h*h)/M*(4*TT*Rmin*Rmin*TT)) Put the value of 4*TT*Rmin*Rmin=Amin

Now the equation:
hc/A=hc/Ao+1/2((n*n)*(h*h)/M*Amin*TT) Divide by h
c/A=c/Ao+1/2((n*n)*(h)/M*Amin*TT)
Photon frequency f=c/A
Work function frequency fo=c/Ao

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518


(f=fo+1/2((n*n)*h/M*A*TT)
Calculate orbit n (which electron emit from metal in which
orbit move)
2*(f-fo)*M*Amin*TT/h=n*n n=sqrt(2*(f-fo)*M*Ami n*TT/h)
RESULT:
This n tell us about that electron move in a orbit.
Or we can say that a emitted electron in which orbit move. when a photon emit a electron.
MORE RESULT:
1. n=sqrt(2*(1/T-1/To)* M*Ami n*TT/h)
2. n=sqrt(2* M*Ami n*TT*(E-W)/h)
3.n=sqrt(2*c(1/A-1/Ao)Amin*M)
4.n=sqrt(2*p*(1/A-1/Ao Ami n/h)

REFERENCE: Engineering physics

Modern A B C of physics Web reference: http://library.thinkquest.org http://www.city collegiate.com

CONCLUSION:

Thus with the help of this condition, an electron which is emitted by a photon can be thought to move in an orbit.
Also, we can find the number of that orbit.
In addition, this could be used in the real life as well.

IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org

International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518

REFERENCE:

HEISENBURG’S UNCERTAINITY PRINCIPLE



According to Heisenberg’s principle, position and momentum of a particle can’t be measured simultaneously with High Precision. There is a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of these two measurements. There is likewise a minimum for the product of the uncertainties of the energy and time.

�x �p � h / 4 TT

�x=uncertantity position
�p=change in momentum h=plunck constant
If the same Formula is derived using Phase Difference and Angular Velocity:
cp=phase difference w=angular velocity
k=angular wave number (1/meter)
We know that phase difference (cp)

EXTENSION OF T HIS FORMULA:

<I this is also equal to ‘k� x’ So
<I=w� t= k� x
Step 1 :) Calculate the value of o � x in terms of w,t and k
� x= w� t/k
Step 2:) Put the value of x in Heisenberg’s Uncertainty
Principle
� x � p = h / 4 TT
(wt/k)p= h / 4 TT
Step 3 :) Now we place the value of small change in
Momentum ‘� p=dp’ Also: dp=dx/dt

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518


dx/dt= Velocity of electron (meter/second)
Also we know that the relation between angular velocity and velocity
1) ‘w=kv’
Step 4:) Put the value of ‘dp’ in above Heisenberg’s equation
We Get
2) � x� ph / 4TT

From above equation

3) <I=w� t= k � x

Step 5:) Calculate the value of x in terms of <I and k

4) � x= <I/k
Step 6 :)Put the value of ox and op in Heisenberg’s
Uncertainty Principle
And k=2TT/A
Solving the above equation

We get the formula

1) d<Ihdt/2m*A*A
Also we can write the formula
Change dt= � t
Change d<I= � <I
Step 10:)Now the resultant formula
2) � <Ih � t/2m*A*A
p=h/A
OR
<I p � t/2mA
P=mv
OR
3) � <Imv � t/2mA

Minimize the term

� <Iv� t/2A
v � t=dA
5) � x � p h / 4 TT
6) (<I/k)(m dx/dt)h / 4 TT
Also , dx/dt=dv
7) dw=kdv
Step 7:) Calculate the value of v
8) v=w/k
Step 8:) Put the value of v in place of ‘dx/dt’
9) (<I/k)(m dx/dt)h / 4TT
10) (d<I/k)(mdv)= h / 4TT
11) (d<I/k)(m dw/k)h / 4TT
Step 9:) Put w=2TT/ dt
dt= is a small change in time period
� <I�A/2A
�A=dA
NOW
� <IdA/2A
Integrate both sides
Limit of d<I is 0 to <I and wavelength from A1 to A2
Result Obtained:
� <I1/2(ln[A1/A2]
An additional result that can be derived from the above formula:
1. <I1/2(ln[E1/E2]
2. <I1/2(ln[V1/ V2]

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International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 1, January-2013

ISSN 2229-5518

3. <f�h*k*k/4rr* L'w m

FIGURES AND TABLES:

Reference:

Engineering physics Modern A B C of physics Web reference: http://library.thinkquest.org http://www.citycollegiate.com

.

Conclusion

It is an extension to the standard formula of

HEISENBERG principal

Using these formula more results can be obtained which satisfies Heisenberg’s PrinciplAn electron moves in a specific orbit if it satisfied the above condition

I am a student of Kalinga Institute Of Industrial

Technology.

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