International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 2, Issue 6, June-2011 1

ISSN 2229-5518

Improved Audio Watermarking

Using DWT-SVD

N.V.Lalitha, G.Suresh, Dr.V.Sailaja

AbstractDigital audio watermarking involves the concealment of data within a discrete audio file. Applications for this technology are numerous. Intellectual property protection is currently the main driving force behind research in this area. In this paper we present an ef- ficient audio watermarking algorithm in the frequency domain by embedding an inaudible audio water mark. Comparison of two different algorithms i.e. Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT)-Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) and Discrete Wavelet Transform (DW T)-SVD is presented here. The effectiveness of these algorithms is verified by conducting experimentation. Experimental results show that the wa- termarked audio has good imperceptibility and is robust against different kinds of attacks, such as noise adding, re-sampling, cropping.

Index Terms— Audio Watermarking, Attacks, DCT, DCT-SVD, DW T, DWT-SVD, MOS evalauation, Singular Value Decomposition.

1 INTRODUCTION

—————————— ——————————

HE rapid development of the Internet and the digital information revolution cased significant changes in
the global society, ranging from the influence on the
world economy to the way people nowadays communi- cate [1]. Digitizing of multimedia data has enabled relia- ble, faster and efficient storage, transfer and processing of digital data. It also leads to the consequence of illegal production and redistribution of digital media. Digital watermarking is identified as a partial solution to related problems which allow content creator to embed hidden data such as author or copyright information into the multimedia data [2]. In cryptographic techniques signifi- cant information is encrypted so that only the key holder has access to that information. Once the information is decrypted the security is lost. Information hiding is unlike cryptography, message is embedded into digital media, which can be distributed and used normally. Information hiding doesn’t limit the use of digital data. Within past
few years several algorithms for embedding and extrac-
magic triangle. In order to satisfy the requirements of magic triangle, watermarks are seen embedded in Fourier domain [3], time domain [4], sub-band domain [6], wave- let domain [7] and by echo hiding [5].

2 DCT, DWT & SVD TECHNIQUES

The DCT and DWT transforms have been extensively used in many digital signal processing applications. SVD is a useful tool of linear algebra with several applications in image compression, watermarking and other areas of signal processing. A few years ago, SVD is explored for image watermarking applications [9, 10]. The brief intro- duction of these three techniques are presented in this section .

The DCT transform: The discrete Cosine Transform

is a technique for converting a signal into elementary fre- quency components [11]. The most common DCT defini- tion of a 1-D sequence of length N is

N =1

tion of watermark in audio sequence have been published

C (u) = a (u)

f ( x) cos J7t (2 x - 1)u l,

(1)
[3-7]. Almost all audio watermarking algorithms work by

x =0

L 2N J

exploiting the perceptual property of Human Auditory
System (HAS). The simplest visualization of the require-
For u=0,1,2,…,N-1. Similarly, the inverse transformation is defined as
ments of information hiding in digital audio is possible

N =1

J7t (2 x - 1)u l

via a magic triangle [8]. Inaudibility, robustness to attacks

f ( x) = a (u)C (u) cos ,

(2)
and the watermark data rate are in the corners of the

u =0

L 2N J

for x=0,1,2,….N-1. In both equations (1) and (2) a (u) is

defined as

————————————————

N.V.Lalitha , Asst.Prof, ECE Dept., GIET, Rajahmundry,A.P. INDIA, PH-+91 99850 01587. E-mail:lalithanarla.ece@gmail.com

G.Suresh, Assoc.Prof, ECE Dept., Krishna’s Pragati Institute of

Technology, Rajahmundry, A.P.INDIA. PH-09885837385.

E-mail: sureshg_ece@yahoo.co.in

Dr. V.Sailaja ,Prof, ECE Dept., GIET, Rajahmundry,A.P. INDIA,

E-mail:lalithanarla.ece@gmail.com

1

a (u) = N

2

\ N

for u = 0

for u -: 0

(3)

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ISSN 2229-5518

It is clear from (1) that for u=0, C(u=0)=

1 N -1

N x =0

f ( x) .

sampling by 2.

The SVD Transform: A few years ago, a third trans- form called the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) was

Thus the first transform coefficient is the average value of the sample sequence. In literature, this value is referred to as the DC Coefficient. All other transform coefficients are called the AC Coefficients [12].
In particular, a DCT is a Fourier-related transform similar to the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), but using only real numbers. DCTs are equivalent to DFTs of rough- ly twice the length, operating on real data with even symmetry (since the Fourier transform of a real and even function is real and even), where in some variants the input and/or output data are shifted by half a sample.

The DWT Transform: The discrete wavelet transform

has received a tremendous amount of interest in many important signal processing applications including audio and image watermarking [13, 14 and 15]. With the DWT, the audio signal can be transformed into frequency do- main ranging from low frequency to high frequency. Be- sides, the high frequency spectrum is less sensitive to human ear. That is the reason why the high frequency component is usually discarded in the compression process. Therefore, information to be hidden can be em- bedded into the low frequency component to against the compression attack.
The DWT is defined by the following equation
explored for watermarking [17]. The SVD for square ma- tices was discovered independently by Beltrami in 1873 and Jordan in 1874, and extended to rectangular matrices by Eckart and Young in the 1930s. It was not used as a computational tool until the 1960s because of the need for sophisticated numerical techniques. In later years, Gene Golub demonstrated its usefulness and feasibility as a tool in a variety of applications [18]. SVD is one of the most useful tools of linear algebra with several applica- tions in image compression and other signal processing fields.

3 DCT-SVD ALGORITHM

Watermark embedding procedure

Algorithm for embedding an audio in original audio using DCT-SVD:

Step 1: Sample the original audio signal at a sampling rate of particular number of samples per second. Then, partition the sampled file into frames each having certain samples.

Step 2: Performing DCT transformation on original audio signal. This operation produces a Two sub-bands: A, D.

W ( j, k ) =

x(k )2- j /2 (2- j n - k )

j k

The D represents the Details sub-band, and A represents
the approximation sub-band.

Where (t) is a time function with finite energy and fast decay called the mother wavelet. The DWT analysis can be performed using a fast, pyramidal algorithm related to multirate filterbanks [16].

As a multirate filterbank the DWT can be viewed as a
constant Q filterbank with octave spacing between the centers of the neighboring higher frequency subband. In the Pyramidal algorithm the signal is analyzed at differ- ent frequency bands with different resolution by decom- posing the signal into a coarse approximation and detail information. The coarse approximation is then further decomposed using the same wavelet decomposition step. This is achieved by successive highpass and lowpass fil- tering of the time domain signal and is defined by the following equations:
Step 3: Apply SVD to the DCT performed approximation sub-band A. SVD decomposes the DCT coefficients into three matrices namely, U, S, VT. Where U is Unary matrix, S is Singular matrix.

Step 4: Perform the steps 2 and 3 to the watermark signal also.

Step 5: Embed the watermark audio bits into the DCT- SVD-transformed original audio Signal according to the formula Sem = S + k * Sw . . . . . .(3)

Where S = singular matrix of original audio signal
Sw = singular matrix of watermark audio signal
Sem = singular matrix of watermarked audio signal
: Produce the final watermarked audio signal as

yhigh [k ] =

n

ylow [k ] =

n

x[n]g[2k - n]

x[n]h[2k - n]

Step 6

follows:
� Apply the inverse SVD operation using the U and

VT matrices, which were unchanged, and the S matrix,

which has been modified according to Equation (3).
Where

yhigh [k ]

, ylow [k ]

are the outputs of the high-
� Apply the inverse DCT operation to obtain each
pass (g) and lowpass (h) filters, respectively after sub-
watermarked audio frame. The overall watermarked au-

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dio signal is obtained by summing all Watermarked frames.

VT matrices, which were unchanged, and the S matrix, which has been modified according to Equation (4).

� Apply the inverse DCT operation to obtain each

watermarked audio frame.

Orignal Audio signal

Fram- ing

DC T

SV D

Watermark Audio Signal

DC T

SV D

X

Watermarked Audio

Signal Framing DCT

SVD

+ Sw=(Swa-S)/k

Inverse

SVD

Inverse SVD

IDC T

IDC T

Is any frames

Is water- mark de- tected

Algorithm for extracting an audio in original audio us- ing DCT-SVD:

Step 1: Perform steps 2 and 3 of the embedding proce- dure until the S matrix is obtained for all frames of the watermarked audio signal.

Step 2: Compose the singular matrix of watermark au- dio signal in the DCT-SVD transformed watermarked audio signal according to the formula

Sex= (Sem-S)/0.01 . . . . . . . . .(4)

Where Sex = singular matrix of extracted watermark audio signal.

Step 3: Produce the final watermark audio signal as fol- lows:

� Apply the inverse SVD operation using the U and

4 DWT-SVD ALGORITHM

Algorithm for embedding an audio in other audio:

Step 1: Sample the original audio signal at a sampling rate of particular number of samples per second. Then, partition the sampled file into frames each having certain samples.

Step 2: Performing DWT transformation on original audio signal..This operation produces Two sub-bands: A, D.The D represents Details sub-band, and A represents the Approximation sub-band.

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Step 3: Apply SVD to the DWT performed approximation sub-band A. SVD Decomposes the DWT coefficients into three matrices namely, U, S, VT. Where U is Unary matrix, S is Singular matrix.

Step 4: Perform the steps 2 and 3 to the watermark signal also.

Step 5: Embed the watermark audio bits into the DWT- SVD-transformed original audio signal according to the

Algorithm for extracting an audio in other audio using

DWT-SVD:

Step 1: Perform steps 2 and 3 of the embedding proce- dure until the S matrix is obtained for all frames of the watermarked audio signal.

Step 2: Compose the singular matrix of watermark au- dio signal in the DWT-SVD transformed watermarked audio signal according to the formula

formula Sem = S + k * Sw . . . . . .(3)

S = (S

-S)/0.01 . . . . . . . . .(4)

ex em

Where S = singular matrix of original audio signal
Sw = singular matrix of watermark audio signal
Sem = singular matrix of watermarked audio signal

Step 6: Produce the final watermarked audio signal as follows:

� Apply the inverse SVD operation using the U and

VT matrices, which were unchanged, and the S matrix, which has been modified according to Equation (3).

� Apply the inverse DWT operation to obtain each
watermarked audio frame. The overall watermarked au- dio signal is obtained by summing all Watermarked
frames.
Where Sex = singular matrix of extracted watermark audio signal.

Step 3: Produce the final watermark audio signal as fol- lows:

� Apply the inverse SVD operation using the U and

VT matrices, which were unchanged, and the S matrix, which has been modified according to Equation (4).

� Apply the inverse DWT operation to obtain each
watermarked audio frame.

Watermarked Audio Signal

Orignal Audio signal

Watermark Audio

Signal

Framing

Framing

DW T

SVD

DWT

SV D

X

DWT SVD

Sw=(Swa-S)/k

+ Inverse SVD

Inverse

SVD

IDWT

IDWT

Is any frames

Is wa- termark detected

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5 EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS

Four classes of audio signals like speech, pop music, rock music and instrumental were used to study the per- formance of the DCT-SVD and DWT-SVD algorithms. These classes were chosen because each class has different spectral properties.

Imperceptibility Test: Imperceptibility is related to

the perceptual quality of the embedded watermark audio within the original audio signal. To measure impercepti- bility, we use Signal-to-Noise Ration (SNR) as an objective measure, and a listening test as a subjective measure.
For subjective quality evaluation, a listening test was performed with five listeners to estimate the Mean Opi- nion Score (MOS) grade of the watermarked signals for four different signals. Each listener was presented with the pairs of original signal and the watermarked signal and asked to report whether any difference could be de- tected between the two signals. The five people listed to each pair for 15 times, and they gave a grade for the pair. The average grade for each pair from all listeners corres- ponds to the final grade for the pair. MOS evaluation cri- terion and MOS for the two techniques are listed in the Tables1 and 2 respectively.
Table 1. MOS evaluation criterion

Score

Watermark imperceptibility

5

Imperceptibility

4

Perceptibility but not annoying

3

Slightly annoying

2

Annoying

1

Very annoying

Table 2. MOS for the two techniques
n=0,1,2,3,……N
Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) is a statistical difference me- tric which is used to measure the similitude between the undistorted original audio signal and the distorted wa- termarked audio signal.
Table 3. PSNR Evaluation
[2].
SNR in db is calculated using the following equation

6 CONCLUSION

An efficient audio watermarking algorithm in the fre- quency domain by embedding the inaudible audio water mark is presented here. It is verified that the DWT-SVD

SNR = 10 log10

N -1

n=0

x2 (n)

[ x(n) - xl (n)]2

technique is robust for most of the attacks rather than the
DCT-SVD. By means of combining the two transforms
DWT-DCT along with SVD, inaudibility and different
Where, N is the length of audio signal x(n) is the original signal
xl(n) is the watermarked signal
levels of robustness can also be achieved.

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