International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12, December-2013 323
ISSN 2229-5518
Dr.C.V. Raman University. Kargi Road Kota ,Bilaspur Chhatisgarh (India)
Email:-dmsingh2001rediffmail.com
V system goes below 300 V, harmonic levels touch
22% THD are responsible for loss, mal operation or damage to consumer equipment [1]. The World Economic Forum carried out power supply survey of various countries. As per their 'the Global Competitiveness Report 1996’, the rating point of 1 to 6 for poor to excellent position of power supply to meet business needs of consumer India stands lowest in the power supply rating However, Central
other countries or regions in the world is given in table (1).
IJSER
Electricity Authority, under the Govt. of India
prepared power development plans [2]. In the Indian scenario, power quality issues are of increasing importance these days due to the enhanced use of sensitive equipment .such as adjustable speed drives, medical electronic systems and switched mode power supplies. In India, essentially IEEE standards are referred as guidelines in electricity sector and in manufacturing sector normally IEC standards are complied to meet global market demands. The theft of power overloads the distribution system and causes low voltage, voltage dips problem and generate heavy harmonics in power system.
Keyword:-Power System, Power Quality, THD, IEEE-519, IEC Standard, CEA.
India has 28 states and 7 union territories. It faces a
formidable challenge in providing adequate energy supplies to users at a reasonable cost. India as a country suffers from significant energy poverty and pervasive electricity deficits. In recent years, India’s energy consumption has been increasing at a relatively fast rate due to population growth and economic development, even though the base rate may be somewhat low. According to Integrated Energy Policy Report of Planning Commission of India, 2006, if the country is to progress on the path of 8-9% GDP growth rate during the next 25 years, it would imply quadrupling of its energy needs [ 3]. The electricity consumption per capita for India and
The electricity consumption per capita for India is
just 566 KWh and is far below most other countries or regions in the world. Even though 85% of villages are considered electrified, around 57% of the rural households and 12% of urban households, i.e. 84 million households in the country, do not have access to electricity. Electricity consumption in India is expected to rise to around 2280 BkWh by 2021-22 and around 4500 BkWh by 2031-32.
The Aggregate Technical & Commercial (AT&C) losses which include theft, non billing, incorrect billing, inefficiency in collection and transmission and distribution losses exceeded 40% for the country as a whole in 2005. The extent of power shortage varies from state to state. Table 2 gives the comparative status of power supply in various states and union territories from April 2010 till February
2011 [4].
Power tariffs are structured on the basis of industrial and commercial users cross subsidizing agricultural and domestic power consumption. The agricultural sector is supplied with un-metered power in almost all states and the farmers pay a highly subsidized lump sum based on the declared horse power of their pumps (generally 3hp, 5hp, 7.5hp). The domestic sector also has a range of subsidies based on the level of consumption including heavily subsidized power for the poorest segment wherein households pay a low lump sum monthly charge. With the rising cost of supply, the burden of these cross-subsidies has increased and is disproportionately loaded on the
IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12, December-2013 324
ISSN 2229-5518
paying industrial, commercial and large household consumers.
The habit of stealing power is now widespread. The theft of power overloads the distribution system and
causes low voltage, voltage dips problems. As per study, about 30% of electricity is stolen in India. The
(B) Small commercial place(bypassing meter connection): in small commercial place generally the loads are mobile charger, inverter , freezer, television , amplifier, microwave oven, CFL, induction cooker, heater, fan, laptop, desktop computer, printer, monitor, scanner, water filter, vacuum cleaner motor (1/2 Hp, 1Hp,3 Hp) Photostat machine .
(C) Agriculture:-in this filed generally large no of AC motor (3 hp, 5hp, 7hp) are used may be on fixed monthly charge or power stolen.
(D) On road vender (thelawala):- these days many thelawala used non-linear device for his commercial purposes such as microwave oven, induction cooker, CFL, amplifier, mixture, fan etc.
All the reasons discussed above are basic cause of the
deterioration of power supply in India. About 100% load is non-linear load in nature and generate heavy harmonics in power system without following the quality standard, metering rule and without penalty. It t means the 40% harmonics is generated in the power
system by thieves. Consumers and the economy bear a large burden due to the poor quality of power supply. Due to This State Electricity Boards remain financially sick and are unable to attract finances for investment.
theft varies from 10 to 30% in different states as given table (3):
The utilization of theft power in India in following field
(A) Domestic ( tagging) :- in domestic generally the loads are mobile charger, inverter , freezer, television , amplifier, microwave oven, CFL, induction cooker, press iron, heater, fan, laptop, desktop computer, printer, monitor, scanner, water filter, vacuumed cleaner , motor (1/2 Hp,
1Hp) etc.
In the Indian scenario, power quality issues are of increasing importance these days due to the enhanced use of sensitive equipment such as adjustable speed drives, medical electronic systems and switched mode power supplies. It is an important issue for electricity consumers at all levels of usage, particularly industries including service sector (especially IT/ITES and Health sector). With the extensive application of sensitive power electronic equipment and proliferation of non-linear loads in digital environment of our industrial and commercial/domestic applications, problems like power surges/sags, poor voltage and frequency regulation, harmonics, switching transients, electrical noise, EMI effect etc are frequently encountered. This leads to damage of capital-intensive appliances, raises safety concerns, cause loss of reliability and above all results in a huge economic loss. Industry requires Standards and or Guidelines to observe and follow norms in handling effectively such issues of concern. In India, essentially IEEE standards are referred as guidelines in electricity sector and in manufacturing sector normally IEC standards are complied to meet global market demands. The goal of applying the harmonic limits specified in IEEE
519 is to prevent one customer from causing
IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12, December-2013 325
ISSN 2229-5518
harmonic problems for another customer or for the utility The PCC is the only point where we must meet the IEEE 519 limits, if IEEE 519 is incorporated into the contract or applicable rate (IEEE 519 is a Recommended Practice).
Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) have been facilitating to bring in such standards to compliment global effort with harmonization of Standards. In view of this an effort namely, ASIA POWER QUALITY INITIATIVE (APQI), has been undertaken by International Copper Promotion Council of India and other stakeholders interested in power quality [5].
As per harmonic studies carried out, the following maximum total harmonic distortion has been found in India [5].Type of Consumer and Maximum THD in India are given in table (4)
The above %THD is more than tolerable limits. A limit of THD of 5% and for any single harmonic content not exceeding 3% should be acceptable in India. The power utility while sanctioning the new power connection to non-linear load consumers, the harmonics generation from such loads should be assessed to ensure that connection of these loads does not exceed the harmonic prescribed limits at the point of common coupling. If the limit is exceeding, the consumer can be enforced to install harmonic filters. Hand-held power quality analyzer meters are available to check THD and individual harmonic distortion up to 51st harmonic [6].
In 1981, the IEEE 519 harmonic standard was issued for harmonic related issues; it was revised in 1992. IEEE 519 attempts to establish reasonable harmonic goals for electrical systems that contain nonlinear loads. The objective is to propose steady state harmonic limits that are considered reasonable by both electric utilities and their customers. IEEE 519 applies to all voltage levels, including 220 V single- phase residential services.
The table (5, 6, 7) describe the Recommended practice for individual customers for voltage < 69
KV, 69-161KV, and >161KV respectively [7].
The International Electrotechnical Commission
(IEC) is the world’s leading organization that provides a platform to companies, industries and
IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12, December-2013 326
ISSN 2229-5518
governments for meeting, discussing and developing the International Standards they require for all electrical, electronic and related technologies. According to IEC 61000-3-2 equipment are classified in four classes: these are
Class A: balanced 3-phase equipment (r.m.s line current differing less than 20% and all other equipment except those in of class B,C, and D equipment.
Class B: portable tools
Class C: lighting equipment including dimming devices with active input power above 25W.
Class D: equipment having and input current with a
“special wave shape” and a
fundamental active input power between 75 and 600 w. Whatever the wave shape of their input current , class B ,class C, and provisionally motor-driven equipment are not considered as class D equipment.
According to IEC 61000-2-2 the individual harmonic voltage in low-voltage network are given in table (11)
Table (11) compatibly levels for individual
ICE 61000-3-2 describe the harmonic limits for class A and Class B ,class C and Class D equipment given in table(8), table(9), table(10) respectively and compatibly levels for individual harmonic voltages in low-voltage networks [8].
IJSER
According to grid Side Voltage Criteria CEA Standards, at present Indian Electricity Grid Code is followed in the transmission system. It specifies the voltage at transmission level to be maintained as follows:
VOLTAGE:
System voltage | Max(RMS) | Min(RMS) |
400KV | 420KV | 360KV |
220KV | 245KV | 200KV |
132KV | 145KV | 120KV |
Frequency:
For frequency the standard id given as table2
According to the standard the assured frequency of supply is 50hz cycles per second with permitted variation of (-) or c(=) 3%.
IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12, December-2013 327
ISSN 2229-5518
statuary limits Hz | 48.5 to 51.5 |
CERC Standard Hz | 49.5 to 50.5 |
Maximum limit of voltage harmonic distortion in HT and EHT system given in table (12), table (13), table (14) respectively [9].
The paper shows that the availability of power in
India is far from its demand as discussed in table (2). The thefts of power is extra load on power system without billing and generate heavy harmonics in power system so the total harmonics distortion is high by thieves, for the improving power quality the IEEE519-1992 and IEC standard follows. The Bureao of Indian standard and Central Electric Authority control try to maintain the quality but target is very tuff in Indian scenario
[1] A.S. Pabla “POWER QUALITY PROBLEMS
IN INDIA” 69, Phase 3A, S.A.S. Nagar, Distt. Ropar
According to standard the maximum limit of current
harmonics distortion in HT and EHT system in below table (14)
The total harmonics distortion by the different non linear load which is hugely used in power system.
- 160 059, INDIA Tel.: 00 91 172 672569 [2] Annual Report 1996-97, Central Electricity Authority, Government of India, New Delhi, pp. 15. [3] P. Garg “Energy Scenario and Vision 2020 in India” Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment
3 (2012) 7-17 Copyright @ 2012 By Journal of
Sustainable Energy and Environment 7 , [4] http://www.cea.nic.in/
[5] Dr. (Ms.) G. Bhuvaneswari,Associate
Professor,Dept. of Electrical Engineering, IIT, New Delhi-110016, INDIA.
[6] asian Electricity, September 1998 pp.37.
[7] IEEE STD 519-1992, IEEE Recommended Practices and Requirements for Harmonic Control in Electrical Power Systems, New York, NY: IEEE.
[8] Hj Abdul Aziz Bin, Hj Abdul Rahman, “Power Quality Standard: Application and Enforcement Issue”, Suruhanjaya Tenaga.
[9] Mahesh Kumar, “Power Quality Standards in
India”,EE Dept,IIT Madras India.
IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org
International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 4, Issue 12, December-2013 328
ISSN 2229-5518
[10] James Martin and Co. 'Punjab State Electricity Board- Business Re-engineering of Customer ComplaintHandling Report, December, 1995.
[11] NRLDC Annual Grid Report, July 1998, Power
Grid Corpooration of India, New Delhi, pp. 71.
[12] Guide for Limiting Voltage Harmonics, Publication no. 251, CBI&P, New Delhi, pp. 29-34. [13] Public Electric Supply - General Review (1995-
96),Central Electricity Authority, Government of
India, New Delhi, pp. 151-164.
[14] http://www.mnre.gov.in/ (accessed April 2,
2011). Journal of Sustainable Energy & Environment
3 (2012) 7-17 Copyright @ 2012 By Journal of
Sustainable Energy and Environment 17
[15] Meier PJ, Life-cycle assessment of electricity generation systems and applications for climate change policy analysis (2002) Ph.D Dissertation, University of Wisconsin, Medison,
[16] http://www.energyliteracy.org/ (accessed
February 4, 2011).
[17] World Energy Council (2010) 2010 Survey of
Energy resources, London.
[18] OECD (2010) Key World Energy Statistics
2010, OECD Publishing.
Society of India, Linguistic Society of India, Indian Society for Technical Education and many social bodies.
IJSER
Electronics Design and Technology from Tezpur University, Tezpur, Assam in the year 2003. Currently he is pursuing research work in the area of Power Quality under the guidance of Prof A.S.Zardgoankar. in EEE department in Dr.C.V. Raman University.
Contemporary Indian Musical Instrument Making.” He obtained another Ph. D. in 1986 by Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University on “Investigation of Dynamic Properties of Non-Conducting Materials Using Electrical Analogy.” He has 47 years of technical experience. He has published more than
500 technical papers for journals, national and international conferences. He was the Joint Director, Technical Education, Govt. of Chhattisgarh in 2004
& the Principal of NIT, Raipur in 2005. He is life member of Acoustical Society of India, Biomedical
IJSER © 2013 http://www.ijser.org