Faculty Member of Islamic Azad University Bushehr Branch, Department of Engineering, E-mail: tabatabaie20@yahoo.comThe research paper published by IJSER journal is about GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals in urban street dusts of southwest Iran (Case study: Bushehr) 1
ISSN 2229-5518
GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals in urban street dusts of southwest Iran (Case study: Bushehr)
TayebehTabatabaie, Fazel Amiri and Abdul Rashid b. Mohamed Shariff
Abstract—Thirty street dust samples were collected from all over Bushehr city, Iran, to characterize the spatial distribution and sources of two soil heavy metals (Pb, and Mn) and for the interrelation patterns of these elements, anthropogenic, the multivariate analysis w as applied. Samples were collected by the random systematic method. The concentrations of Pb, and Mn were analyzed with an ICP -AES. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used, and geostatistics was conducted for the data processing. The results showed that the main source of the Pb is anthropogenic, mines of Mn natural material. The result's finding of this research showed that multivariate statistical analysis, a powerful tool for id entifying and monitoring sources of heavy metals of street dust.
Index Terms—Geostatistics, Heavy metals, Principal component analysis, Spatial variability, Street dust.
————————————————————
TREET dust, particles deposited on a road, originates from the interaction of solid, liquid and gaseous materials pro- duced from different sources (Banerjee, 2003). Components and quantity of street dust are environmental pollution in- dicators (Yongming et al, 2006). Street dust receives vary- ing inputs of heavy metals from a variety of mobile or sta- tionary sources (Bilos et al., 2001; Manno, 2006) , such as vehicular traffic, industrial plants, power generation facili- ties, residential oil burning, waste incineration, construc- tion and demolition activities and resuspension of sur- rounding contaminated soils (Manno, 2006), and makes a significant contribution to the pollution in the urban envi- ronment. Therefore, the study of street dust is important for determining the origin, distribution and level of heavy metal in urban surface environments.
In recent decades, more and more attention has been paid to heavy metal pollution in urban road dust in that heavy metals exert considerable impacts on human health and ecosystem. For example, lowlevel lead exposure can be harmful to enzyme systems, brain and blood production for human body; and high Pb level may affect blood Pb level and intelligence (Poon and Liu, 2001; Sezgin et al.,
2003). Long-term exposure to lead can increase the proba-
bility of mentally retarded children and slow down the
————————————————
Assoc. Prof., Senior Research Fellow, Spatial and Numerical Modeling
Laboratory, Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), Faculty of Engi- neering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, E-mail: fazel@putra.upm.edu.my
Prof. Spatial and Numerical Modeling Laboratory, Faculty of Engineering,
Universiti Putra Malaysia. E-mail: rashidsnml@gmail.com
mentality development of children (Ahmed and. Ishiga,
2006).Some trace metals (such as Cu and Zn) at small amounts are harmless, but some (mainly Pb, As, Hg and Cd) even at extremely lowconcentrations are toxic and are potential cofactors, initiators or promoters in many diseas- es and cancer (Dockery and Pope, 1996; Willers et al., 2005). Young children are more likely to ingest significant quanti- ties of dust than adults because of the behavior of mouth- ing non-food objects and repetitive hand/finger sucking (Bargagli, 1998). Secondly, children have a much higher absorption rate of heavy metals from digestion system and higher hemoglobin sensitivity to heavy metals than adults (Hammond, 1982).Therefore, the study of street dust is im- portant for determining the origin, distribution and level of heavy metal in urban surface environments.
The study area extends from 50° 49' 6" E to 50° 56' 8" E and
28° 49' 5" N to 29° 0' 5" N, in the central city of Bushehr provenance in southwestern Iran(Fig.1) and has a space of about 1441.949 km2 with a population of almost 225,297 in
2010. The city is boarded by the Persian Gulf on its south and west. Bushehr has a hot and humid climate, with an annual average temperature of 24°C and annual precipita- tion of 217 mm. The prevailing wind is northwestern. The main industries surrounding Bushehr city include the pro- duction of plastic and polymeric sheets.
Thirty sites were selected in Bushehr for street dust sam- pling, including heavy- and low-traffic density areas, com- mercial areas and residential districts (Fig.1). Samples were
collected using a clean plastic dustpan and a brush (Lu et al.
IJSER © 2012
http://www.ijser.org
The research paper published by IJSER journal is about GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals in urban street dusts of southwest Iran (Case study: Bushehr) 2
ISSN 2229-5518
2010; SalimAkhter and Madany 1993), from each 1 m2 sam- pling area (Wei et al. 2009). All collected dust samples were stored in sealed polyethylene bags, labeled and then trans- ported to the laboratory. All samples were dried in a labora- tory oven at 70◦C, and then sieved through a 1.0mm mesh nylon sieve to remove refuse and small stones. The resulting street dust samples were used to analyze heavy metal con- centration. A 0.5g of milled street dust sample was digested with 8ml of HNO3 65%, 5ml of HCl37%, and 1.5ml of HF
40% in Milestone Microwave (Manual of Microwave). The concentrations of Mn and Pb in the street dust samples were
then determined using ICP-AAS.
showed that concentration of Pb had different between sta- tions (Fig.2a), but no difference had between stations based on concentration of Mn (Fig.2b).
Fig. 1.Sampling site in Bushehr city
Relationships between heavy metals in the street dusts were determined using Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis, principal component analysis (PCA) using the Mosaic version
3.01 software.
The maps of spatial distribution of heavy metal concentrations were produced by Kriging the interpolating data from 30 road dust samples using ILWIS 3.6. The major aim of kriging is to find the statistical weights of observations with non- skew estimations and minimum variance of estimations. So,kriging results in the best linear non- skewed estimator (Lark 2000). In this study we used ordinary kriging for evaluating the distri- bution of Mn and Pb concentration.
It is common to compare mean concentrations of heavy metals in road dusts in different urban locations (Charlesworth et al.
2003; Duzgoren-Aydin et al. 2006; Lu et al. 2009), while there are no generally accepted sampling and analytical protocols
for geochemical studies of urban deposits. Results of ANOVA
Fig.2. Concentration of Pb (a) and Mn (b) in studied stations
Concentrations of heavy metals measured in street dusts of Bushehr were compared with reports presented for other areas (Table 2), the concentration of Mn and Pb in all the cities listed in the table above were higher than Bu- shehr, except Converty and Birmingham where the Pb lev- el was lower than Bushehr. The Mn concentration was less than the global average, while the Pb concentration was higher than the global average.
PCA (Principle Component Analysis) was used by ap- plying varimax rotation with Kaiser Normalization to iden- tify sources of heavy metals in the street dust. The eigenva- lues and eigenvectors were extracted from the correlation matrix, and the number of significant factors and the per- cent of variance explained by each of them were calculated. Factor loadings with varimax rotation, as well as the ei- genvalues indicated that there were three components with eigenvalues higher than one and that these three factors explained 99.8% of the total variance.
IJSER © 2012
http://www.ijser.org
The research paper published by IJSER journal is about GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals in urban street dusts of southwest Iran (Case study: Bushehr) 3
ISSN 2229-5518
Table1. Comparison of heavy metal concentrations in street dust of Bushehr relative to other selected cities
The first factor explains 70.5% of the total variance due Pb. Factor 2, dominated by Mn, accounted for 27.06% of the total variance. Factor 3 accounted for 2.23% of the total variance. Figure 3 indicate that the origins of the metal lead and manganese were different.
Fig.3. the three principal components in three dimensional space
The distribution patterns of the elements in the studied area are presented in Figure 4. It was evident that the pat- tern of spatial distribution for Pb and Mn were different. Their hot-spot areas for Pb were principally associated with stations where high traffic density was recognized. Spatial distribution of Mn showed that this element had almost similar concentrations in all stations and concentra- tion of Mn was moderate (not too high or low). This pat- tern indicates that the origin of Mn is likely due to natural
sources (Ferreira-Baptista and De Miguel 2005; Oliva and
Espinosa 2007; Wang and Qin 2007).
The concentrations of heavy metals (as non- point pollu- tants) with potential effects on humans and the environ- ment make them a global issue. The results of the street dust samples collected from Bushehr showed that concen- trations Pb was higher than global values, while the con- centrations for Mn was lower than global values. The heavy metals were classified into two main groups accord- ing to their sources: Pb was associated with heavy traffic, while Mn was associated with natural sources.
Fig.4. Geospatial distribution of the elements
This research was supported by the Islamic Azad Universi- ty.
IJSER © 2012
http://www.ijser.org
The research paper published by IJSER journal is about GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals in urban street dusts of southwest Iran (Case study: Bushehr) 4
ISSN 2229-5518
[1] A.D.K. Banerjee, Heavy metal levels and solid phase speciation in street dusts of Delhi, India, Environ. Pollut. 123 (2003) 95–105.
[2] Al-Khashman OA. 2007. Determination of metal accumulation in deposited street dusts in Amman, Jordan. Environmental geochemistry and health
29(1):1-10.
[3] Bargagli, R., 1998. Trace Elements in Terrestrial Plants: an Ecophysiological
Approach to Biomonitoring and Biorecovery. Springer-Verlag, Berlin,
Germany.
[4] Charlesworth S, Everett M, McCarthy R, Ordonez A, De Miguel E. 2003. A
comparative study of heavy metal concentration and distribution in depo- sited street dusts in a large and a small urban area: Birmingham and Co- ventry, West Midlands, UK. Environment International 29(5):563-573.
[5] Chatterjee A, Banerjee R. 1999. Determination of lead and other metals in a
residential area of greater Calcutta. The Science of the Total Environment
227(2-3):175-185.
[6] Christoforidis A, Stamatis N. 2009. Heavy metal contamination in street
dust and roadside soil along the major national road in Kavala's region, Greece. Geoderma 151(3):257-263.
[7] C. Bilos, J.C. Colombo, C.N. Skorupka, M.J. Rodriguez Presa, Sources, dis-
tribution and variability of airborne trace metals in La Plata City area, Ar- gentina, Environ.Pollut. 11 (2001) 149–158.
[8] Divrikli U, Soylak M, Elci L, Dogan M. 2003. Trace heavy metal levels in street dust samples from Yozgat city center, Turkey. Journal of trace and microprobe techniques 21(2):351-361.
[9] Dockery, D., Pope, A., 1996. Epidemiology of acute health effects: summary
of timeseries studies. In: Wilson, R., Spengler, J.D. (Eds.), Particles in our air.
Concentration and Health Effects. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, USA, pp. 123–147.
[10] Duzgoren-Aydin N, Wong C, Aydin A, Song Z, You M, Li X. 2006. Heavy metal contamination and distribution in the urban environment of Guang- zhou, SE China. Environmental geochemistry and health 28(4):375-391.
[11] E. Manno, D. Varrica, G. Dongarr A. 2006. Metal distribution in road dust
samples collected in an urban area close to a petrochemical plant at Gela,
Sicily, Atmos.Environ. 40, 5929–5941.
[12] F. Ahmed, H. Ishiga, Trace metal concentrations in street dusts of Dhaka
city, Bangladesh, Atmospheric Environment 40 (2006) 3835–3844.
[13] Ferreira-Baptista L, De Miguel E. 2005. Geochemistry and risk assessment
of street dust in Luanda, Angola: A tropical urban environment. Atmos- pheric Environment 39(25):4501-4512.
[14] Hammond, P.C., 1982. Metabolism of lead. In: Chisolm, J.J., O'Hara, D.M.
(Eds.), Lead Absoption in Children: Management, Clinical, and Environ- mental Aspects. Urban and Schwarzenberg, Baltimore—Munich, pp. 11–20.
[15] Harrison RM. 1979. Toxic metals in street and household dusts. Science of the Total Environment 11(1):89-97.
[16] H. Yongming, D. Peixuan, C. Junji, E.S. Posmentier,Multivariate analysis of
heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi’an, Central China, Sci. To- tal Environ.355 (2006) 176–186.
[17] Lark R. 2000. Estimating variograms of soil properties by the method†of†moments and maximum likelihood. European journal of soil science 51(4):717-728.
[18] Lau W, Wong H. 1982. An ecological survey of lead contents in roadside
dusts and soils in Hong Kong. Environmental Research 28(1):39-54.
[19] Lu X, Wang L, Lei K, Huang J, Zhai Y. 2009. Contamination assessment of copper, lead, zinc, manganese and nickel in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of hazardous materials 161(2-3):1058-1062.
[20] Lu X, Wang L, Li LY, Lei K, Huang L, Kang D. 2010. Multivariate statistical
analysis of heavy metals in street dust of Baoji, NW China. Journal of ha- zardous materials 173(1-3):744-749.
[21] Miguel E, Llamas JF, Chac
n E, Berg T, Larssen S, R
¸yset O, Vadset M.
1997. Origin and patterns of distribution of trace elements in street dust: un- leaded petrol and urban lead. Atmospheric Environment 31(17):2733-2740.
[22] N. Sezgin, H.K. Ozcan, G. Demir, S. Nemlioglu, C. Bayat, Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dusts in Istanbul E-5 highway, Envi- ronment International 29(2003) 979–985.
[23] Ndiokwere CL. 1984. A study of heavy metal pollution from motor vehicle emissions and its effect on roadside soil, vegetation and crops in Nigeria. Environmental Pollution Series B, Chemical and Physical 7(1):35-42.
[24] Nicholas Hewitt C, Candy G. 1990. Soil and street dust heavy metal concen- trations in and around Cuenca, Ecuador. Environmental Pollution
63(2):129-136.
[25] Oliva SR, Espinosa A. 2007. Monitoring of heavy metals in topsoils, atmos- pheric particles and plant leaves to identify possible contamination sources.
Microchemical Journal 86(1):131-139.
[26] Ordonez A, Loredo J, De Miguel E, Charlesworth S. 2003. Distribution of
heavy metals in the street dusts and soils of an industrial city in Northern
Spain. Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology 44(2):160-
170.
[27] Ramlan M, Badri M. 1989. Heavy metals in tropical city street dust and
roadside soils: a case of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Environmental Technol-
ogy 10(4):435-444.
[28] Robertson D, Taylor KG, Hoon SR. 2003. Geochemical and mineral magnet-
ic characterisation of urban sediment particulates, Manchester, UK. Ap- plied Geochemistry 18(2):269-282.
[29] SalimAkhter M, Madany IM. 1993. Heavy metals in street and house dust in Bahrain. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution 66(1):111-119.
[30] Schwar M, Moorcroft J, Laxen D, Thompson M, Armorgie C. 1988. Baseline
metal-in-dust concentrations in Greater London. Science of the Total Envi- ronment 68:25-43.
[31] Sezgin N, Ozcan HK, Demir G, Nemlioglu S, Bayat C. 2004. Determination of heavy metal concentrations in street dusts in Istanbul E-5 highway. Envi- ronment International 29(7):979-985.
[32] Tokalioglu S, Kartal S. 2006. Multivariate analysis of the data and speciation of heavy metals in street dust samples from the Organized Industrial Dis- trict in Kayseri (Turkey). Atmospheric Environment 40(16):2797-2805.
[33] Wang XS, Qin Y. 2007. Some characteristics of the distribution of heavy
metals in urban topsoil of Xuzhou, China. Environmental geochemistry and health 29(1):11-19.
[34] Willers, S., Gerhardsson, L., Lundh, T., 2005. Environmental tobacco smoke
(ETS) exposure in children with asthma-relation between lead and cad- mium, and nicotine concentrations in urine. Respiratory Medicine 99, 1521–
1527.
[35] X.D. Li, C.S. Poon, P.S. Liu, Heavy metal contamination of urban soils and
street dusts in Hong Kong, Applied Geochemistry 16 (2001) 1361–1368.
[36] Yassoglou N, Kosmas C, Asimakopoulos J, Kallianou C. 1987. Heavy metal
contamination of roadside soils in the Greater Athens area. Environmental
Pollution 47(4):293-304.
[37] Yongming H, Peixuan D, Junji C, Posmentier ES. 2006. Multivariate analy-
sis of heavy metal contamination in urban dusts of Xi'an, Central China. Science of the Total Environment 355(1-3):176-186.
[38] W.-K. Chen, Linear Networks and Systems. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, pp. 123-135, 1993. (Book style)
[39] H. Poor, ―A Hypertext History of Multiuser Dimensions,‖ MUD History,
http://www.ccs.neu.edu/home/pb/mud-history.html. 1986. (URL link
*include year)
[40] K. Elissa, ―An Overview of Decision Theory," unpublished. (Unplublished
manuscript)
[41] R. Nicole, "The Last Word on Decision Theory," J. Computer Vision, sub-
mitted for publication. (Pending publication)
[42] C. J. Kaufman, Rocky Mountain Research Laboratories, Boulder, Colo.,
personal communication, 1992. (Personal communication)
[43] D.S. Coming and O.G. Staadt, "Velocity-Aligned Discrete Oriented Poly-
topes for Dynamic Collision Detection," IEEE Trans. Visualization and Computer Graphics, vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 1-12, Jan/Feb 2008, doi:10.1109/TVCG.2007.70405. (IEEE Transactions )
[44] S.P. Bingulac, ―On the Compatibility of Adaptive Controllers,‖ Proc. Fourth Ann. Allerton Conf. Circuits and Systems Theory, pp. 8-16, 1994. (Confe- rence proceedings)
[45] H. Goto, Y. Hasegawa, and M. Tanaka, ―Efficient Scheduling Focusing on
the Duality of MPL Representation,‖ Proc. IEEE Symp. Computational In- telligence in Scheduling (SCIS ’07), pp. 57-64, Apr. 2007, doi:10.1109/SCIS.2007.367670. (Conference proceedings)
IJSER © 2012
http://www.ijser.org
The research paper published by IJSER journal is about GIS-based approach to evaluate heavy metals in urban street dusts of southwest Iran (Case study: Bushehr) 5
ISSN 2229-5518
[46] J. Williams, ―Narrow-Band Analyzer,‖ PhD dissertation, Dept. of Electrical
Eng., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, Mass., 1993. (Thesis or dissertation)
[47] E.E. Reber, R.L. Michell, and C.J. Carter, ―Oxygen Absorption in the Earth’s Atmosphere,‖ Technical Report TR-0200 (420-46)-3, Aero- space Corp., Los Angeles, Calif., Nov. 1988. (Technical report with report number)
[48] L. Hubert and P. Arabie, ―Comparing Partitions,‖ J. Classification, vol.
2, no. 4, pp. 193-218, Apr. 1985. (Journal or magazine citation)
[49] R.J. Vidmar, ―On the Use of Atmospheric Plasmas as Electromagnetic Ref- lectors,‖ IEEE Trans. Plasma Science, vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 876-880, available at http://www.halcyon.com/pub/journals/21ps03-vidmar, Aug. 1992. (URL for Transaction, journal, or magzine)
[50] J.M.P. Martinez, R.B. Llavori, M.J.A. Cabo, and T.B. Pedersen, "Inte- grating Data Warehouses with Web Data: A Survey," IEEE Trans. Knowledge and Data Eng., preprint, 21 Dec. 2007, doi:10.1109/TKDE.2007.190746.(PrePrint)
IJSER © 2012