International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research Volume 3, Issue 8, August -2012 1
ISSN 2229-5518
1Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia and University Of Babylon, College Of Engineering, Babylon, Iraq
2Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia
100% replacement of polystyrene. While the workability of the concrete mixtures was increased with the increasing of polyst y- rene beads with average of (medium).
The environment is facing rapid urbanization and indu- strialization that many changes in the quantity of municipal solid waste (MSW) generated [1]. Solid waste was and still one of the major environmental problems in Malaysia and most of other countries worldwide. It plays a significant role in the ability of nature to sustain life within its capacity. Plastic waste is considered a serious problem to the environment due to ina- bility of plastics to degrade naturally. Polystyrene is a plastic category that is widely being used as food containers and packaging. It is normally thrown into the waste stream directly without treatment due to higher cost of recycling in comparison to manufacturing of the virgin material. Polystyrene waste is generated from both industrial and municipal solid wastes sources. It has becoming a major environmental concern due to large waste quantities being disposed to landfills and its non-biodegradable in nature. Thus, the purpose of this study is to assess the effectiveness of polystyrene waste being used as material replacement for aggregate to produce concrete, with a target as an option to minimize the amount and volume of solid waste to be disposed to landfills.
2.1. Materials
Standard Portland cement ASTM TYPE I was used in all mix- tures for this study, which met the requirement of ASTM C151 [2] for Portland cement. Fine and coarse aggregate used were according to ASTM C 33 (AASHTO M 6/M 80) [3] that had been analyzed with sieve analysis. The coarse aggregate passed sieve 9.5 mm and stopped at sieve 5mm. The polystyrene used for the study (Figure 1) was in granular form, white in color, solid surface with diameter range between 2-2.5 mm, very light in weight with densities between 15 kg/m3-20 kg/m3. Mixing was done by using tap water.
Figure 1 Polystyrene beads
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2.2. Mixture Composition
In this study percentage by volume of polystyrene used were 0%,
25%, 50%, 75%, and 100%, which were mixed with sand and crushed gravel. Water to cement ratio (W/C) used in this study was 0.45 which were constant for all proportions of polystyrene. (PS-0) symbolized to the standard concrete mixed without po- lystyrene that used as control concrete. The other proportions (25%, 50%, 75%, 100%) were named as (PS-S-25), (PS-S-50), (PS-S-75), (PS-100) for sand and (PS-G-25), (PS-G-50), (PS-G-75), (PS-100) for gravel. The mixture proportions are shown in Table (1) for sand and Table (2) for gravel. Three cube samples were made for each age 7, 14, 28 days.
Table 1: Mixed proportions for the concrete mixtures for 9 cubes
(10x10x10) cm (Sand proportions)
3.1. Slump Test
3.2. The workability of the concrete mixtures was in- creased with the increasing of (PS-S) proportions .And that refers to absent of the fines and coarse aggregate and also to the shape of spherical (PS-S) beads which increase the slipping between the mixture particles. Table (3) de- scribes the slump type for the different proportions of sand and table (4) for gravel proportions.
Table 3: Description of concretes based on measured slump
(Sand Replacements Proportions)
Table 2: Mixed proportions for the concrete mixtures for 9 cubes
(10x10x10) cm (Gravel proportions)
Mixed design | Fine aggregate (kg) Sand Polystyrene | Coarse aggregate (kg) Gravel polystyrene | Cement content (kg) |
PS-0 | 6.12 0 | 12.24 - | 3.06 |
PS-S-25 | 6.12 - | 9.1 0.018 | 3.06 |
PS-S-50 | 6.12 - | 6.11 0.04 | 3.06 |
PS-S-75 | 6.12 - | 3.04 0.05 | 3.06 |
PS-100 | 0 - | 0 0.036 | 3.06 |
2.2.1. Workability of fresh concrete
The slump test is the most well-known and widely used test method to characterize the workability of fresh concrete. The test method is widely standardized throughout the world, in- cluding in ASTM C143-90a [4] and BS 1881: part 102:1983[5].
2.2.2. Absorption of harden concrete
There are a lot of procedures can be used to measure the ab- sorption and for this study the method which has been used is according to the BS1881: Part 122:1983 [6].
Table 4: Description of concretes based on measured slump
(Gravel Replacements Proportions)
Mix Designation | Measured Slump ,mm | Description of Slump |
PS-0 | 40 | Medium |
PS-S-25 | 42 | Medium |
PS-S-50 | 49 | Medium |
PS-S-75 | 53 | Medium |
PS -100 | 58 | Medium |
3.3. Absorption Test
The Absorption test were conducted on the concrete samples for 3 cubes with sizes 100x100x100 mm for each age 7, 14, 28 day and then take the average . The results of this test are shown in table(5) and figure (2) for the mix- tures and as shown in the results the less value indicate to the 100 %PS because the solid texture for the polysty- rene beads that resist to the absorption of water.
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Table 5: Results for Water Absorption Test
a solution to reduce polystyrene waste to be disposed in landfills.
1.5
1
0.5
0
Absorptions for proportions
0% PS (PS-S %) (PS-G %)
100 %PS
I would like to take this opportunity to thank those who had been involved in completing this research paper. This includes supervisors, colleagues, the Librarians, the Laboratory Assistant and others at the UKM University and Babylon University, who had provided their best efforts in assisting me to obtain the necessary information to complete this research. I am very grateful to have their share of thoughts and knowledge on this particular field. I would also like to thank Prof. Dr. Saad Ali Hasan Al-Taan for taking his time to have the last review on my research paper.
I owe my deepest gratitude to my family who had always been very unique and the stereotype of a perfect family in many others. Their support has been unconditional throughout the years. It would have been almost impossible to complete this research without their great support.
Above all, I would like to thank Allah for His will, the strength, and the knowledge he has provided me.
[1] Petaling Jaya Municipal Council (1990). Master Plan on
Solid Waste Management for PJ Municipality (1990 – 2010).
Figure 2 Results of Water Absorption Test for the
Concrete Mixtures Used
From the results of the study, the following conclusions can be made:
The fully replacement of the normal aggregate by the po- lystyrene give maximum usage of the polystyrene that has been extruded as solid waste.
In comparison to the control mixture absorption has been reduced up to 82.05 % for 100% replacement of polysty- rene.
No segregation was observed in any concrete mixes. Lower absorption rating less than 1.1 %.
The replacement of conventional aggregate materials by using polystyrene showed a positive application as an al-
ternative material in concrete mix for lightweight concrete. Thus, this application in construction industry may provide
[2] ASTM C151 Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of
Portland Cement.
[3] ASTM C33 (AASHTO M 6/M 80) Aggregate is classified (fine or course). Annual Book of ASTM Standard: Concrete and Aggregate. Volume 04. 02 Philadelphia: American Society for Testing and Materials.
[4] ASTM C143-90 a Test Method for Slump of Hydraulic
Cement Concrete. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Volume
04.02. American Society for Testing and concrete.
[5] BS 1881 : Part 102 : (1983) Method for determination of slump.
[6] BS 1881 :Part 122 :1983. Test Method for Water
Absorption
[7] ACI 211 Manual of concrete Practice, Part 1. Materials and
General properties of concrete.
A. Karnik, "Performance of TCP congestion control with rate feedback: TCP/ABR and rate adaptive TCP/IP", M. Eng. thesis, Indian Institute of Science, India, 1999.
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