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Critical Discourse Analysis of Pakistan’s PM Nawaz Sharif’s speech in UN General Assembly dated 27 Sep 2013

Rao Muhammad Aqeel, aqeelpk786@yahoo.com. A Researcher, scholar, Intellectual Thinker, critical analyst and above all Humanist, M Phil Scholar in Lahore Leads University, Lahore Pakistan

Abida Kanwal, Salleh Ud Din, A Research, observer, Critical Analyst, Political Scientist, M.Phill

Scholar in Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT

The aim of this research article is to explain and clarify the intellectual and invulnerable strategies, ideologies and political techniques of Pakistan’s Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif’s for global, political, economical, social and cultural development not only for his own country but for the entire world especially for developing countries like Afghanistan, Palestine. Syria including the minorities whether in Pakistan or out of Pakistan because his motto is “PEACE SCEURITY AND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS, IMPLEMENTAION OF INTERNATIONAL LAW, SOCIAL JUSTICE FOR EVERYONE AND MULTILITERAL DIPLOMACY”. As well as the well wisher of the post 2015 Development Agenda like International peace, security, human rights, good governance and right for minorities etc. Our analysis is focused in claiming that “texts are open to diverse interpretations” (Fariclough: 1995). And it is also focused in Fairclough, I. and Fairclough, N.’s Political Discourse Analysis. A Method for Advanced Studies (London: Routtledge 2012).

Key Words: Critical Discourse Analysis, Discourse Analysis, Critical Discourse Studies, Critical

Paradigm, Contextualization, Political Discourse Analysis

Acknowledgement

By the core of our hearts and souls, we express our immense thanks and appreciation to the Almighty Allah, Who is so merciful and saw us through this present time and made us of doing this. We would like to thank our Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H). We will also like to thanks of our parents and family.
We would like to thank our honorable and respected teachers Professor Dr. Abdullah Faisal Awan, Professor Dr. Azhar Mehmood, Head of the English Department Lahore Leads University, Lahore. Professor Dr. M. Imran BZU, Professor Dr Shehzad, Sir Asad, Assistant Professor at Lahore Leads University, Mam Anila Bushra, Assistant Professor at FC Lahore, Mam Tenzila, Phd Scholar at Lahore Leads University, Mam Faiqa Phd Scholar at UMT Lahore, Mam Shomila, Sir Wasim Hassan, professor at NUML Lahore, Sir Agha Masood, Professor in BZU and Phd Scholar, Mam Shaishta Andleeb, Principal Govt Degree College for Women in Khanewal, Mam Fatima Farooq, Head of the English Department in Institute of Southren Punjab Multan, Mam Fatima ZafarBaig, PhD scholar in BZU, Mam FoziaSaleem in ISP, Mam FoziaNisar in ISP, Mam RahatAslam in ISP, Sir Zubair, computer teacher and trainer in ISP, Sir Yasir Jamshaid Hashmi in ISP and etc. And Professor Khajwa Mansoor Sarwar ex Head of the Department of English Department M A O College Lahore, Asma Ahsan Lecturer in English Language and Literature Qurban Degree College Lahore.
We specially thankful to following teachers/professors/scholars/researchers, intellectual thinkers and critical analysts whose research work guide us and provide broad avenue for us to analyze this speech in the light of their research works. These are:- Sir Teun A. Van Dijk, uni of Amsterdam, Sir Norman Fairclough, Mam Ruth Wodak, a distinguished professor of Discourse Studies at Lancaster University, Ruth Breeze, a PhD scholar in Applied Linguistics and Director of the Institute of Modern Language at University of Navarra, Spain, Paul Baker, Senior Lecturer in English Language and Linguistics at Lancaster University, Costas Gabrielatos, a research associate at Lancaster University, Majid Khosravinik, a PhD scholar and Research Associate, Teaching Assistant in Linguistics and English Language at Lancaster University, Michel Krzyzanowski, Assistant Professor at school of English, Adam

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Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland, Tony Mcenery, Professor of English Language and Linguistics at Lancaster University, Bobert de Beaugrande, Marianne Jorgenson and Lousie Phillips _ Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method, and etc.
Rao Muhammad Aqeel
Abida Kanwal, Salleh Ud Din

1 Introduction

Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA), Critical Discourse Studies (CDS) and (CL) Critical Linguistics lie in Rhetoric, Text Linguistics, Anthropology, Philosophy, socio-psychology, cognitive science, literary studies, socio linguistics as well as it is a branch of Applied Linguistics, and as a field within the humanities and social sciences, is a recognizable approach to language study of “program” (WODAK 2011:50). Critical Discourse Analysis is concerned with studying and analyzing written and spoken texts to reveal the discursive source of power, dominance, inequality and bias” Van Dijk 1998a. We study Critical Discourse Analysis not only for linguistic analysis but for our own benefits and regions. There are some reasons/causes for studying CDA, one is taking an interest in social and cultural issues, looking and solving social injustice, 2ndly, out interested topics allows us to study CDA. Lastly, in depth, it provides new tools with which to study language, not just academically, but in all the fields of life especially for economical, social and cultural development.
Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif born in Lahore, Punjab on 25 December 1949, and His father was a business man and industrialist. His brother Mian Shahbaz Sharif is the Chief Minister of Punjab Province, while his nephew Hamza Shahbaz Sharif is a Member of the National Assembly as well as the Deputy Chief Minister Punjab. Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif graduated from GC Lahore and also received a law degree from PU Law College. He is the 18th and current Prime Minister of Pakistan. He is also the
President of PML (N), which is currently the largest political party of Pakistan, also known as “LION OF
THE PUNJAB”.
In 1970s late Critical Linguistics was developed by a group of Linguists and Literary Theorists at the University of East Anglia (Fowler et.al., 1979, Kress &Hodge, 1979). This approach was based on Halliday’s Systematic Functional Linguistics (SFL). Halliday’s view of language as a “social act” is central to many of CDA’s practioners (Chouliareiki&Fairclough 1999; Fairclough, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1995b.
1995a; Fowler et,al., 1979; Fowler, 1991; Hodge and Kress 1979). Generally CDA discusses and explains methodologies and theories of the empirical relations between discourse and cultural and social developments in social factors. The very basis purpose of CDA is to help reveal hidden and “often out of sight” values, position and perspectives underlying texts” (Platridge 2008). The purpose of CDA is to look and view how “social injustice” is portrayed in society and provide new tools, open broad avenue to study language not just for Linguistic Analysis or academically level, but to provide and justify the right path for social, cultural and much more developments on society at different levels including politics, power, domain, strategies, policies, etc. (Rao Muhammad Aqeel, M.Phill scholar in Applied Linguistics at Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan, 2015).
CDA covered a wide range of topics, such as racism, sexism, homophobia, politics, immigration, crime and many more. The importance of CDA lies in studying texts at their historical and social context fully and completely.
It addresses social problems, constitutes society and culture, also doest ideological work, a form of social action and also historical. Fairclough and Wodak (1997:271-80).
Discourse means, “ a lieu de memorie”, a policy, political strategy, narrative in a finite of infinite sense of the term text, talk, speech, to language per se. Discourse is primarily defined as formal, orderly and usually extended expression of thought on a subject. Discourse is a field of study focused on structures of authentic language produced in context, used for real communication rather than decontextualized

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sentences. Discourse may be a speech, newspaper, a poster, a paragraph, a single word, even a letter or a verbal exchange, (eg language of silence, symbol, sign, non verbal communication), which serves some purpose for describing and understanding. (Rao Muhammad Aqeel, M Phill Scholar in Applied Linguistics at Lahore Leads University, Lahore, Pakistan 2014).
CDA is obviously not a homogenous model, nor a school or a paradigm, but at most a shared perspective on doing Linguistics, Semiotics or DA: (Tenu A V Dijk 1993b:131).

Methodology

The main analytical tool of this research article is levels and stages of CDA by Norman Fairclough. Norman Fairclough (ibid: 24-26) in his book “Language and Power” 1989, describes three levels of discourse. Firstly, conditions of production and interpretation, 2ndly, process of production and interpretation, 3rdly, text. And three stages are: ist description, 2nd, interpretation and 3rd explanation.

ANALYSIS

The speech of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif can be categorized into 16 paragraphs. And analysis is dividing into two portions namely Linguistic Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis (ideological, Textual, Political and Islamic Analysis).

Linguistic Analysis

On Linguistic Level analysis, we analyze and explain the devices, which politicians/analysts/political scientists senior members of civil society and journalists use lexically and grammatically. These linguistic devices in CDA are commonly used to portray a specific idea. Some of these devices are: collective noun, active verb, pre-modified, and post modified nouns, adjectives, indirect quotations, Naming, active or passive voice etc. Here we nominate and analyze some devices from the text of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s speech in United Nations General Assembly dated 27 September 2013.

Collective Noun: In paragraph 9 sentence 1 of the speech, “As a country that was suffered …", Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif use the word ‘country’ as a collective noun instead of using the word Pakistan. In paragraph 9 sentence no 11 of the speech, “winning hearts and minds, particularly of the youth”, Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif use the word ‘youth’ as collective noun/

Naming and Categorizing: In paragraph 9 sentence 3 of the speech, “We have lost 40,000 previous lives of men, women and children, which include 8,000 defense and security personnel”, we clearly see that the words “men, women and children” are fallen under ‘naming’ while ‘defence and security personnel’ fall under ‘categorizing’.

Direct Action: In paragraph 9 of the speech, “I conveyed all parties’ conference”, Prime Minister Nawaz

Sharif use the word ‘conveyed’ as direct action.

Active Verb: In paragraph 9 of the speech, “This must change now”, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad

Nawaz Sharif use the word ‘must’ as active verb.

Pre-modification: In paragraph 13 of the speech, “we have lost 40,000 precious lives of men”, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif use the word ‘precious’ as pre modification. Again in paragraph 13 sentence of the speech, they will not only have complete freedom to worship”, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif use the word ‘complete’ as pre modification.

Post Modification: In paragraph 13 of the speech, “We intend to use education as a key driver of socio economic development of Pakistan”, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif use the word

‘driver’ as post modification.
There are a lot of such devices in the speech but due to shortage of time, as well as our limitations towards ‘text’ of the speech bound us not to go in further details. But above mention devices tells us that, with the help of these devices, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif explain social issues in an

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innovative way for searching and informing their looks actually in his own way in a different style and structure to depict his ideas, problems and solutions) and to receive direct attention of United Nations General Assembly for problems, issues, matters, disputes, and solutions of these for his homeland. The theme and function of these devices is vast, unique, unanimous, universal and invulnerable, because these justify the ways of fruitful success and efforts, using a simple diction.

Critical Discourse Analysis (ideological, Textual, Political and Islamic Analysis)

Our critical analysis and explanations of the political and ideological factors in Prime Minister’s speech attempts us to look from a broad vision not only on personal level but on general level and appreciation from those who serve for humanity without any discrimination of caste and creed. And if we see the very first sentence of the speech, “I congratulate you on your election as the President of UN General Assembly”.
Here we analyze in our own perspective and according to our critical analysis and interpretation it is multidimensional but this is very clear that the opening sentences of the Prime Minister’s speech guide us and appreciate the president of UN General Assembly not only for his own personality but for his political achievements. It is clear without any doubt that America is a well develop country and rich not only in politics but in all the fields of life including civilizations. That’s why Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif in his opening lines of his speech appreciates the US President Barak Obama with zeal and zest. Not only Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif appreciates only UN President Barak Obama, but also appreciate Mr. Vuk. Jeremic, due to his outstanding leadership and capabilities for UN General Assembly. Further Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also appreciate secretary General Ban-ki-moon and also welcome him as an honored guest on the anniversary of the Independence Day of Pakistan.
If we analyze and interpret it on political and ideological level, we are clear to understand that not Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif only but the efforts of UN Secretary General Ban-ki’moon are appreciated because both are the well-wisher of Pakistan as well as Humanity of this mortal world which is full of problems at social, cultural, economic, political and developmental level. Further we say that the visit of UN Secretary General Assembly for Pakistan is a sign of hope and prosperty for Pakistan.
Starting style of Prime Minister Nawaz’s speech in UN General Assembly on 27 Sep 2013 is based on applying and attempting a more citizen-centered attitude. And Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has unique and unanimous strategy and policy for the development of Pakistan and UN Agenda is also seen in his opening line of the speech.
In paragraph 2, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif uses the phrases “good governance” and “Peace and security for entire nation”. These phrases are not just words or dialogues; these are the pillars and right pathways for development and growth for all. And we are perusing inclusive approaches for them because Pakistan upholds International Law and also promotes International consensus. Further Prime Minister M<ian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also clear that “we are anchor of peace and beacon of hope for all nations”. In paragraph 3 sentence 1 Pakistan also proves this because Pakistan is the largest troop contributor to UN peacekeeping since 1960, contributed 15000 troops. Not only is this but beyond this that one hundred and thirty five (135) of our peacekeepers have lost their lives in service of peace.
In paragraph 3 sentence 5 Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s speech, Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also remind United Nation about the ‘needs of reform” that reflects the interest of all; not the ambitions of a few. Here the purpose and aim of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s speech is clear that we are not just the players of words or dialogues but the well-wisher of humanity not only for our homeland but for all the countries of this mortal world. It is also clear that we are not just theoretical, but we do also practical and also respect those who serve for all without any discrimination of racism, sects, caste and creed. And Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also tells us that these reforms are pre-planning for a ‘dynamic future’, acquiring democracy, peace, security, development, equality, transparency and accountability. And due to this, the role and authority of UN General Assembly is also appreciated.

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In paragraph 4 sentence 1, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif in his speech clear it that UN play a critical role for implementation of “fair and just International order” and must resolve all the festering disputes. Further he remind UN to solve the burning issue of Jammu and Kashmir because it is pending since January 1948 . The peoples of Jammu and Kashmir suffer this unbearable situation, but now the positive solution of this dispute is necessary for regional peace and stability. Further Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif said that we are ready, to solve all pending problems with India because it is not the issue of Jammu and Kashmir or Pakistan, but a dispute and a “Symbol of anxiety and horror” for Asia. Now this problem should be resolve under peaceful negotiations immediately.
In paragraph 5 for Afghanistan, in paragraph 6 for Palestine, in paragraph 7 for Syria, the good will of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif through these words is usually seen and visible and also a appeal for UN General Assembly, to support and help them for solving their issues on social, political, international and global level including ‘soft corner’ of Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif also for development and betterment of these countries.
Further, it is very clear in paragraph 7, the “passion of Humanity” and “peace for all” by Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s speech for Syria, “We welcome the agreement between UN and Russia, and other members of Security Council, to secure and destroy chemical weapons in Syria”. Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s passion for Syria is not based on personal level or ground, but a sign/indication of hope and development for Syria. And his passion is humanity because humanity gives us lesson to help the needy persons/states/nations/countries.

Analysis of Islamic reference:

In paragraph 11, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif’s speech it is clear that “Terrorism knows no border” and “Islam is a religion of brotherhood and promote peace for all”. We are the well- wishers of entire humanity including minorities, whether within Pakistan or excluding Pakistan. We deeply sadden by the terrorist attack of minority community in Peshawar. We share their grief and have a soft corner of the members of minority community, because these are not only the members of minority community but they are also Pakistani, and above all human being. We provided equal “Human Rights” for minorities, and protect them through education, employment and full political participation. Our religion Islam also gives us the lesson of Humanity and guides us towards the right path of completely success at each and every step. And in this way every next step is better than the previous step.
This speech contains more than one thousand words, and also leads to multi dimensions for analysis, but we sum up here that analysis a text on different level, we need quality not quantity.

Conclusion:

This paper analyze in the light of Fariclough notion of ideology, “meaning are produced through interpretations”. And in this regard we have range to clarify and identify the frame work of Prime Minister Nawaz’s speech on Linguistics, and Political, ideological, critical and Islamic level. Following are our conclusions:-
The findings of the speech analysis have shown that using a different style in a different way using critical devices in his speech, Prime Minister Mian Muhammad Nawaz Sharif make his speech more fruitful, interesting and beneficial for development of his country as well as development for all.
Uses of Islamic references in the speech like “Islam is a religion of peace”, shows that we are the well- wishers of “Human being”.
The overall underlying theme of the speech is “peace, security, Human Rights, development, equality, good governance etc” for the development of entire world including Pakistan.
Without any doubt. It is clear that we are the largest contributor to UN peacekeeping since 1960.

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We are a symbol of hope and peace for all.
We promote and enhance international law for all.
Kashmir issue including other issues between India and Pakistan should be resolved on priority because it is the need of the time. Both countries promote their economy and peace not for their own benefits but for entire nation. And in this regard, we are ready for a purposeful and substantive dialogue with India.
We have a soft corner of our neghibous’s and developing countries like Afghanistan’s stabilization, Hope for Palestine’s joining as a member of UNO and appreciate the agreement between UN and Russia for securing Syria.
We are willing and ready to promote peace and security especially in the usage of Nuclear Energy for development at economic level and condemn terrorism.

Further Recommendation:

As far as we know it very well that CDA deals with “different forms of social inequality”, so we recommend and suggests researchers/scholars/philosophers, teachers to motivate Critical Analysts, journalists, Senior Civil Society Members, politicians and Political Scientists. According to Rao Muhammad Aqeel, “Political Leaders command and lead to establish their political party, democracy, government, policy, strategy but teachers are the leaders of such leaders. And it is the very basic duty of political leaders to follow and obey their teachers( Leaders).
Critical Analysts, journalists, Senior Civil Society Members, politicians and Political Scientists serve and secure their country’s economy and status if they play positive role in their profession.
Critical Analysts, journalists, Senior Civil Society Members, politicians and Political Scientists could change the status and place of their country/nation/state if they are loyal to their profession like religious leaders/saints/mystics who convert coal into diamond with the help of their dignity, which Allah Almighty bestowed them. They serve like a “coal powder” who itself black but have the ability to shine and clean the teeth and iron pots.
Using contextual knowledge, Critical Analysts, journalists, Senior Civil Society Members, politicians and Political Scientists can create a heaven in a hell if they want and secure their nation/country/state for political, social, cultural problems/issues on national. International and global level.
If Critical Analysts, journalists, Senior Civil Society Members, politicians and Political Scientists, adopt the formula “First deserve than desire”, than this mortal world which is full of moans and groans, convert into a peace of heaven (Paradise). And it is the firm faith of the researcher.
We also know that Critical Analysts, journalists, Senior Civil Society Members, politicians and Political Scientists are the “Political Heroes” of their state/nation/country, so they should work like heroes, “Heroes never die”. They live in our hearts and minds. So it is the need of the day that those responsible persons should play their role with zeal and zest and like heroes, otherwise they lost their status and identity.
If they act upon like “Determination born heart never die”. And I also recommend all these not only for Pakistan but for all over the world, so that this world becomes a piece of paradise on this earth. And this thinking is also promote and open a broad avenue for all politicians, political scientists, senior journalists, Members of UNO, G8, WTO, SAARC, Common Wealth Group Members. And this recommendation is just not a statement but a road map for all essential members who have responsibility of their country, nation, state, etc.
Researchers/scholars/philosophers/intellectual persons/teachers/critical analysts and educationalists should brief and educate their nation/politicians/political scientists/ senior journalists and also guide them toward the right path because these teachers/scholars/philosophers are the teachers of such political leaders.

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We are the well-wishers of peace security, equality and prosperity for entire nation because we all are Humanist beyond the concept of different communities (Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Jew etc.). And doing this we prove ourselves the greatest well-wisher of HUMANITY. We think it, wrote it, convey it and now it’s your duty to please read out this and play a positive role all over the world.
We ( Rao Muhammad Aqeel and Abida Kanwal), not only as a researchers/scholars/philosophers/critical thinkers but being a “Human Being” suggests all the political leaders. Political scientists. Agents, members etc to play their role like “pelican” (a bird who feed their children with his/her blood) and if they do so than this world become an “entire nation” which become the true embodiment of humanity.
Generally, it is said that “Charity begins at home”, so we (Rao Muhamad Aqeel and Abida Kanwal) are request and recommend you all to think and understand about this quotation deeply and we play our role for HUMANITY for the sake of HUMANITY. We also pray Allah Almighty for this because he knows us and close us even our hearts are not far behind from Him.

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Muhammad Aqeel is a Pakistani who belongs Rajput Family, Province Punjab, and District Multan Tehsil Shujabad Village Sikanderabad. He is a Traffic Warden in City Traffic Police Multan since 2007. But he continue his education with zeal and zest. He completed his M.A in Political Science from Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, B. Ed from Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad and M.A in English from Institute of Southern Punjab with distinction. And now he is a student of M. Phil in linguistics at Lahore Leads University, Lahore. His keen interest for the cultural, social, economic and educational development of his nation with the help of his pen argue him to write in International Journals for the welfare and prosperity of all human beings of this mortal world. Before this his article is also published in European Academic Research Vol.II Issue 6 September 2014 ISSN 2286-4822. His second and third articles are publishing from ijsr vol III issue 11 Nov 2014 from India ISSN 2319-7064. His fourth article is also publishing from IJEE Saudi Arabia in Jan 2015. His field of interest is Applied Linguistics. His present article is fall under CDA which is a sub branch of Applied Linguistics. This article is also for all human beings. And he request all the educationalists/scholars to please at least read it and think about it on practical basis. May be this article explore and open Broad Avenue for you and promote humanity in this “mortal world”.

Abida Kanwal, Salleh Ud Din, is a citizen of Pakistan; she completed her MS (18 years degree) in Applied Linguistics from Lahore Leads University, Lahore. This is her maiden article. Her field of interest is also Applied Linguistics.