International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 2, Issue 8, August-2011 1
ISSN 2229-5518
Author: R.Yuvaraj
Abstract— Human resource management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each other are met. Nowadays it is not possible to show a good financial or operating report unless your personnel relations are in order. Over t he years, highly skilled and knowledge based jobs are increasing while low skilled jobs are decreasing. This calls for future skill mapping through proper HRM initiatives. Indian organizations are also witnessing a change in systems, management cultures and philosophy due to the global alignment of Indian organizations. There is a need for multi skill development. Competency Mapping is a process of identifying key competencies for an organization, the jobs and functions within it. Competency mapping is important and is an essential activity. Every well-managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Competency mapping identifies an individual’s strengths and weaknesses in order to help them better understand themselves and to show them where career development efforts need to be directed. Competency mapping is not only done for Confirmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer. These kinds of skills can be determined, when one is ready to do the work. Competency mapping is one of the most accurate means in identifyi ng the job and behavioral competencies of an individual in an organization. Competency is a set of knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform a job effectively and efficiently. A Competency is something that describes how a job might be done excellently; a Competence only describes what has to be done, not how. Core competency is something which cannot be copied and it is the pillar upon which individual rest.
Index Terms —Skill development, Core Competency, Competency Mapping, Multi Skill, Need fulfillment, Global alignment,
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uman resource management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each other are met. Nowadays it is not possible to
show a good financial or operating report unless your personnel relations are in order. Over the years, highly skilled and knowledge based jobs are increasing while low skilled jobs are decreasing. This calls for future skill mapping through proper HRM initiatives. Indian organi- zations are also witnessing a change in systems, man- agement cultures and philosophy due to the global alignment of Indian organizations. There is a need for multi skill development. Role of HRM becomes more im- portant.
Competency Mapping is a process of identifying key
competencies for a company or an organization and the
jobs and functions within it. Competency mapping is im-
portant and is an important activity. Every well managed
organization should have well defined roles and list of
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Author: R.Yuvaraj. M.B.A, M.Phil, is currently pursuing Ph.D- PT in
Karpagam University, Coimbatore, India. PIN: 641 021.
PH-+91 98435 95115. E-mail: yuvans@yahoo.com
Co-Author: Dr.G.Ravindran, Ph.D is currently the Research guide for the
author and working as Assistant Professorin T.K. Govt Arts College,
Viruddhachalam, Cudallore, India. PH-+91 98422 96728
E-mail: ravioman@gmail.com
competencies required to perform each role effectively. Competency mapping analysis individual’s SWOT for better understanding and this helps to improve his career growth. This identifies the gap for improving knowledge to develop.
Every industry in the present scenario is trying to
achieve high efficiency and effectiveness in order to sur- vive in this cutthroat competition. Industry is basically
classified into production and service sector. They try desperately to improve the efficiency of their system. All the methods and approaches for improving the perfor- mance and efficiency of their operations points to a basis key factor – "Skill and Competency. Skills and competen- cy, therefore, becomes a focal point of companies, which aims at improving their performance. Every industry, especially production industries, emphasizes on skill and competency. It becomes mandatory for any production company, aiming at improving their performance, to map the skill level of their workers.
Skills mapping is a technique of studying and
analyzing the skills possessed by the persons concerned.
It is a comprehensive way of knowing the skill levels of
the persons. Skill mapping evolves a result, which not
only specifies the skill level of the persons but also identi-
fies the Gray areas where improvement can be made by training or by other means.
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Skill mapping, thus, is fast becoming important, buzzword for any industry aiming at revamping them-
work.
Competency mapping is one of the most accurate
selves to the present competitive situation. It is becoming popular day by day and many companies are showing keen interest in using this technique to improve their effi- ciency.
Companies are vastly shifting their approach of having multi-skilled employees with knowledge of only one skill. Companies are interested in knowing the present skill level of their employees so that training can be given to improve their performance. This is where skill Mapping comes in to focus, which apart from mapping the skills also helps in identifying the strategies for multi skilling program for the company.
With increased importance to operational efficiency, cost-reduction, higher productivity norms and managing with fewer employees than before by corporate, brings competency as the most important yardstick for all Hu- man Resource – related decisions like selection, assimila- tion, development, growth charting and promotion, etc.
The competence approach focuses on linking business strategies to individual performance efforts. It also encourages employees to develop competencies which can be used in diverse work situations rather than being boxed into the job. Development of employees fo- cuses on enhancing their competencies rather than pre- paring them for moving to jobs. In this way they can de- velop capabilities useful throughout the organization as it changes and evolves.
Human resource management is a process of bringing people and organizations together so that the goals of each other are met. Nowadays it is not possible to show a good financial or operating report unless your personnel relations are in order. Over the years, highly skilled and knowledge based jobs are increasing while low skilled jobs are decreasing. This calls for future skill mapping through proper HRM initiatives. Indian organi- zations are also witnessing a change in systems, man- agement cultures and philosophy due to the global alignment of Indian organizations. There is a need for multi skill development.
Competency Mapping is a process of identifying key competencies for an organization, the jobs and func- tions within it. Competency mapping is important and is an essential activity. Every well-managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Competency mapping identifies an individual’s strengths and weaknesses in order to help them better understand themselves and to show them where career development efforts need to be directed. Competency mapping is not only done for Con- firmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employ- ment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer. These kinds of skills can be determined, when one is ready to do the
means in identifying the job and behavioral competencies of an individual in an organization.
2.1 Arya Chanakya, a well known royal adviser and prime minister from Vedic India, penned a famous book known as the Arthashastra, which is probably the first book on competency mapping. The book contains compe- tency mapping models, the thesis and theories of human aptitude, intelligence quotient, emotional quotient and in general everything that is related to human behavior re- garding work, logic and emotions. This book is an excel- lent leader and management book and is more than 3000 years old.
2.2 According to Boyatzis (1982) :
―A capacity that exists in a person that leads to behavior that meets the job demands within parameters of organi- zational environment, and that, in turn brings about de- sired results‖
2.3 According to UNIDO (2002):
―A Competency is a set of Skills, related knowledge and attributes that allow an individual to successfully perform a task or an activity within a specific function or a job‖.
2.4 According to RANKIN (2002):
“Competencies are definition of skills and behaviors that organization expects their staff to practice in work”.
2.5 ANSFIELD (1997):
―Underlying Characteristics of a person that results in a
effective superior performance‖.
2.6 WOODRUFEE (1991):
Competency: A person – related concept that re-
fers to the dimension of behavior lying behind competent performer.
Competence: A Work – related concept that re-
fers to area of work at which a person is compe-
tent
Competencies: Often referred as the combination
of the above two.
2.7 ALBANESE (1989):
Competencies are personal characteristic that contribute to effective managerial performance.
2.8 HAYES (1979):
Competencies are generic knowledge motive, trait, social
role or a skill of a person linked to superior performance
on the job.
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2.9 WHAT IS COMPETENCY?
A competency is an underlying characteristic of an indi-
vidual that is related to effective performance in a job or
situation.
Competency: A person – related concept that re- fers to the dimension of behavior lying behind competent performer.
Therefore, it appears necessary TO investigate if a difference exists in job competency expectations held by the manufacturing industries for their employees be- tween the required competency levels to the existing level of working.
Accurate job competencies need to be communicated to all the employed in the manufacturing industries. Re- search indicates that the closer of the employer job com- petency expectations i.e, the required competency level to the actual job competency level of the employees brings the better chance for productivity improvement, waste elimination, multi skill development and the higher em- ployees will rate overall job satisfaction.
In order to ascertain accurate and current job competency expectations i.e, the required competency to work in a manufacturing industry, professionals, supervi- sors and production heads were asked to rate the impor- tance of the specific job competencies for the workforce. The competencies categories included: knowledge, ability and attitude. The managers were asked to list the re- quired competency to perform a job and they were also asked to fix the required level of competencies in the spe- cific competency.
Gaining the cooperation of the employees was difficult at the initial stages of the study as the employees were not aware of the topic of the study.
Some employees were not able to understand the
questionnaire as it was new to the organization.
To solve this problem and to make it unders-
tandable to all, the questionnaires had to be made in simple language and also with day to-
day activities.
Respondents were reluctant to give unbiased
opinion fearing of the management.
The data was collected from the plant through
questionnaires. The respondents were not able to spend the desired time with the researcher.
The Rater's decision on the employees was the
final one. The problems like central tendency
and other partially towards the staff may be
present
The study analyses the skill level of Workmen in the organization, so that the training needs can be found out.
The study could also provide an insight to the
staff's multi-skill level.
The model can be simulated in other divisions as
well as other units.
Competency Mapping is excessively used in the organiza- tion to determine the crucial elements and activities. The basic reasons due to which the mapping of the competen- cies is done are as follows:
Once the competencies are determined, proper training can be provided to the individuals to work more efficiently on the processes.
Key performance areas can be improved by un-
derstanding the fields where there is a gap be-
tween the actual and the desired results.
If the competencies are determined for the given
job, then the person whose career planning phase is taking place can consider those competencies and can be ready for the same.
Through competency mapping, the individual is
preparing himself for the next set of responsibili-
ties.
With the help of the competency mapping the
individual can alter the style of work where the
gap exists.
By overcoming the differences in the desired
level and the actual status of performance the in-
dividual can feel the increase in the self confi-
dence and the motivation level.
Competency based approach can lead the indi-
vidual to derive much efficient results (with
more accuracy) as compared to work in a non-
competency derived situation.
Helps the individual to determine the areas
where the development is required and thus leads the individual to develop a self develop-
ment plan.
Competency mapping leads the individual to
understand the actual position and the gap from
the desired status of work.
Competency mapping plays a crucial role
in career planning of the individual in the organ-
ization.
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Note: Knowledge, skill are surface competencies, which can be easi- ly developed. Attitude, motives, and traits are core competencies which are most difficult to develop.
Effective organization helps their employees by developing their career growth by giving technical support.
Success of many organizations lies in the area of Training, Learning and Development that builds employer employee relationship
Primary:
To map the technical competencies for the em- ployees in different departments of a Textile Ma- chinery Manufacturing Industry
Secondary:
To develop the competency calendar for em- ployees in any industry.
To assess the Training need identification of the employees in the company
To offer the suggestions to the organization for
the betterment of the employees & Organization.
Competency mapping identifies an individual’s strengths and weaknesses in order to help them better understand themselves and to show them where career development
efforts need to be directed. Competencies are derived from specific jobs within the organization and are grouped into categories like strategy, relationships, inno- vation, leadership, risk-taking, decision-making, emo- tional intelligence, etc.
The STEPS involved in competency mapping to identify the key competencies for an organization and the job within the function:
1. Indentify the department for mapping.
2. Identify the Structure of the organization and se- lect the grades & levels.
3. Job Description from individuals and depart- ments.
4. Conducting Semi-Structured interviews.
5. Collecting interview data’s.
6. Classify the required Skill list.
7. Identify the skill levels.
8. Evaluate identified competencies and skill levels
with immediate superiors and other heads of
concerned departments.
9. Preparation of Competency calendar.
10. Mapping of Competencies.
The following methods are used in combination for com- petency mapping:
Interviews, Group work, Task Forces, Task
Analysis workshops, Questionnaire, Use of Job
descriptions, Performance Appraisal Formats etc.
The board approach followed by Arthur Andersen while mapping the competencies is represented as follows:
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12.3 FOR EMPLOYEES:
Identify the critical Skill to perform in the organ- ization.
Targets, Roles & Responsibilities are very clear.
Identifies the gap for improvement.
Provides a systematic approach to improve the
skill level.
Improved Job Satisfaction.
These kinds of skills can be identified, when one is ready to do the work. Competency mapping is one of the most accurate means in identifying the job and behavioral competencies of an individual in an organization.
There are some useful benefits of using competency mod- el for the company, managers, and employees as well.
12.1 FOR THE COMPANY
Support corporate Objective, Strategy, Vision, Mission and Culture.
Establish performance appraisal by a systematic approach for career growth which results in im-
proved job satisfaction and better employee re- tention.
Increase the effectiveness of training and profes-
sional development programs by linking them to
the success criteria.
Provides clear two way communication process.
Better understanding of Roles and responsibili-
ties.
Provide Common standards and same kind of
work at equal levels that enable employees to
move and work at different parts of the organiza- ton.
12.2 FOR MANAGERS:
Identify performance level to improve the accu- racy of selection process.
Provide more objective performance standards.
Provide good communication
Develops Employer Employee relationship
Reduces Career related issues.
13.1 Research Design:
A Research Design is the arrangement of conditions for collections and analysis of data in a manner that aims to combine relevance to the research purpose with econ- omy in procedure. The research is a descriptive research, as it includes surveying and fact-finding. The research was not done before for the organization. The research was supposed to explore details for further studies.
Competency analysis begins with identification of the workforce competencies required to perform the organizational business activities. Once the competen- cies are identified, a mapping between the targeted vs. actual value of competencies is required to measure, analyze and predict the future capability of compe- tencies and take necessary corrective/preventive ac- tion to either enhance or maintain the current capa- bility.
Identifying the tasks, skills, knowledge and attitude required to perform various organizational roles can be used in formulating job description, as- sessing employees’ current level of competency, and activities like planning career development and coor- dinating competency development.
13.2 Sampling Method:
Census survey was adopted for the study. As it was census sampling, the entire population was taken for conducting the research. Hence no sampling tool/technique was used to choose the elements of the sample.
13.3 Sampling Design:
All 1400 workmen at different units & depart- ments were taken, that comprises of all Production re- lated workmen and also workmen in service departments related to production i.e., Quality assurance, Tool room, Maintenance etc,
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14.1 Primary Data:
The first hand primary data was collected through questionnaires. In addition to it discussions were held with the immediate supervisors, the managers of each department.
14.2 Secondary data
The secondary data was collected through the company profile, the company manuals, and previous year records.
Competency Mapping is a process of identifying key competencies for an organization, the jobs and functions within it. Competency mapping is important and is an essential activity. Every well-managed firm should have well defined roles and list of competencies required to perform each role effectively. Competency mapping iden- tifies an individual’s strengths and weaknesses in order to help them better understand themselves and to show them where career development efforts need to be di- rected. Competency mapping is not only done for Con- firmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employ- ment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer. These kinds of skills can be determined, when one is ready to do the work.
tude. Research questions were designed to identify differ- ences if any, in the permanent workforce based upon sev- eral criteria.
1. Type of work done by the operator.
2. Number of years the employee had worked in
the organization
3. Knowledge of cutting Tools.
4. Knowledge of selection of cutting parameters
5. Ability to do work.
6. Ability to understand drawings
7. Ability to do self inspection
8. Ability to do CNC programming
9. Knowledge to latest techniques and systems like
5S, TPM, TQM, LEAN, ISO, OHSAS
These comparisons were made between the exist- ing competencies arrived from the survey to the required competencies for an employee to perform a particular job. The gaps between these two are the need identified for the competency training.
Consistently, permanent employees were rated by their immediate line supervisor about their perfor- mance. The gaps for the need identified are focused by giving appropriate training. The training may vary accor- dingly, On-Job training & Off-Job training. Training given on need based. Need based fulfillment are done consis- tently for all direct permanent employees in the organiza- tion.
Future research is suggested utilizing to other
units in the organization and also to the apprenticeship
trainees and flexi work force.
This study compared the workforce job compe- tency expectations for experienced / trained employees in possession of more than 10 years from the date of joining. Workforces are technically separated into 2 distinct cate- gories.
1. Work that is directly supporting the produc- tion
2. Work that is indirectly supports the produc- tion.
Direct workforces who were the permanent em-
ployee of the organization at the time of the survey were participated.
In the beginning of 2011, employees at different units working in various departments are communicated through their immediate supervisors requesting their par- ticipation. At the time of survey the number of Direct con- firmed employees present at various units are Unit1: 540, Unit 2: 680, Unit 3: 180. Totally: 1400 employees. Usable responses were received from 1359 employees for a re- sponse rate of 97.07%.
The survey instrument was developed from a literature review of job competencies and was refined to three content areas namely knowledge, ability and atti-
Skill development by Competency mapping is one of the most accurate means in identifying the job and beha- vioral competencies of an individual in an organization
.Competency mapping should not be seen as rewards. All the stakeholders must see in the exercise an opportunity for long-term growth. Competency mapping is not only done for Confirmed employees of an organization and it can also be done for contract workers or for those seeking employment to emphasize the specific skills which would make them valuable to a potential employer.
Competency is a set of knowledge, skills and attitudes required to perform a job effectively and efficiently. A Competency is something that describes how a job might be done excellently; a Competence only describes what has to be done, not how. Core competency is something which cannot be copied and it is the pillar upon which
individual rest.
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I am very much obliged to the Management of Textile Machinery Manufacturing division, for giving me an op- portunity to undergo this Doctorial degree in Manage- ment, as a part time course at Karpagam University – Coimbatore.
I express my gratefulness to Mr. P. Nalluchamy, faci- litator for this project for his valued guidance and timely involvement from his vast experience.
I sincerely thank the Management and staff of Textile
Machinery Manufaturing division for providing excellent
support in collecting data and a congenial atmosphere for
undergoing the course.
I sincerely thank to my guide Dr.G.Ravindran – As-
sistant Professor in T.K. Government College of Arts and
Science, Viruddhachalam, Cadallore, for his valued direc-
tion and continuous supervision at each and every stage
in bringing out this project. I also thank to for his excel-
lent faculty support and overall guidance about this
project.
I would like to thank Dr. Kousalya Devi, who has helped me in statistical analysis for my dissertation
I take this opportunity to express my thanks to Mr. Karthikeyan who helped me to complete this project at the earliest.
This work is dedicated to my lovable Parents, In- Laws, Wife and Son. Through their guidance, emotional support, I have been able to truly appreciate the value of education. The achievement of a doctorial degree is one that can only be obtained with the strong faith, dedication and direction that comes from a loving and caring family.
18.1 Reference:
1. Article -“Competency Mapping”- by K. Murali Mohan
2. Article -“The Art and Science of Competency Mapping”- by
T.V. Rao,
3. Competency Management- A practitioner’s Guide by
R.Palaniappan, Specialist Management Resources
4. Competency Mapping: A pre- requisite for HR Excellence - by
Dr. Lovy Sarikal
5. David Decenzo & Stephen Robbins. Human recourse management
6. http://www .Strategicmanagement.com
7. http://www.addedv.com
8. http://www.allmbastuff.blogspot.com
9. http://www.buzzle.com/articles/leadership-and-management.
10. http://www.citehr.com
11. http://www.financialexpress.com/news/competency-mapping
12. http://www.hrmba.blogspot.com
13. http://www.jagooindia.com
14. http://www.scribd.com
15. http://www.Wikipedia.com
16. Lyle M.Spencer, Jr.and, Ph&Signe M Spencer.1993.
Competency at work-models for superior performance.
17. Research Methodology Methods & techniques by C.R.
KOTHARI, New Age international publishers, New Delhi-110
002.
18. Search Engines GOOGLE and YAHOO
19. Strategic core competency by – Azhar Kazmi, Strategic management – Glueck
20. Sudipta, “Competency based HR”, Express Computer, 10 Jan
2005
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